• Log InLog In
  • Register
Liquid`
Team Liquid Liquipedia
EST 17:16
CET 23:16
KST 07:16
  • Home
  • Forum
  • Calendar
  • Streams
  • Liquipedia
  • Features
  • Store
  • EPT
  • TL+
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Smash
  • Heroes
  • Counter-Strike
  • Overwatch
  • Liquibet
  • Fantasy StarCraft
  • TLPD
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Blogs
Forum Sidebar
Events/Features
News
Featured News
RSL Revival - 2025 Season Finals Preview8RSL Season 3 - Playoffs Preview0RSL Season 3 - RO16 Groups C & D Preview0RSL Season 3 - RO16 Groups A & B Preview2TL.net Map Contest #21: Winners12
Community News
Weekly Cups (Jan 5-11): Clem wins big offline, Trigger upsets0$21,000 Rongyi Cup Season 3 announced (Jan 22-Feb 7)14Weekly Cups (Dec 29-Jan 4): Protoss rolls, 2v2 returns7[BSL21] Non-Korean Championship - Starts Jan 103SC2 All-Star Invitational: Jan 17-1823
StarCraft 2
General
SC2 All-Star Invitational: Jan 17-18 When will we find out if there are more tournament SC2 Spotted on the EWC 2026 list? Weekly Cups (Jan 5-11): Clem wins big offline, Trigger upsets Weekly Cups (Dec 29-Jan 4): Protoss rolls, 2v2 returns
Tourneys
$21,000 Rongyi Cup Season 3 announced (Jan 22-Feb 7) $25,000 Streamerzone StarCraft Pro Series announced WardiTV Winter Cup WardiTV Mondays SC2 AI Tournament 2026
Strategy
Simple Questions Simple Answers
Custom Maps
Map Editor closed ?
External Content
Mutation # 508 Violent Night Mutation # 507 Well Trained Mutation # 506 Warp Zone Mutation # 505 Rise From Ashes
Brood War
General
[ASL21] Potential Map Candidates Potential ASL qualifier breakthroughs? A cwal.gg Extension - Easily keep track of anyone BGH Auto Balance -> http://bghmmr.eu/ BW General Discussion
Tourneys
[Megathread] Daily Proleagues [BSL21] Grand Finals - Sunday 21:00 CET [BSL21] Non-Korean Championship - Starts Jan 10 SLON Grand Finals – Season 2
Strategy
Game Theory for Starcraft Simple Questions, Simple Answers Current Meta [G] How to get started on ladder as a new Z player
Other Games
General Games
Beyond All Reason Nintendo Switch Thread Awesome Games Done Quick 2026! Mechabellum Stormgate/Frost Giant Megathread
Dota 2
Official 'what is Dota anymore' discussion
League of Legends
Heroes of the Storm
Simple Questions, Simple Answers Heroes of the Storm 2.0
Hearthstone
Deck construction bug Heroes of StarCraft mini-set
TL Mafia
Vanilla Mini Mafia Mafia Game Mode Feedback/Ideas
Community
General
US Politics Mega-thread Things Aren’t Peaceful in Palestine Russo-Ukrainian War Thread European Politico-economics QA Mega-thread Trading/Investing Thread
Fan Clubs
White-Ra Fan Club
Media & Entertainment
Anime Discussion Thread
Sports
2024 - 2026 Football Thread
World Cup 2022
Tech Support
Computer Build, Upgrade & Buying Resource Thread
TL Community
The Automated Ban List TL+ Announced
Blogs
My 2025 Magic: The Gathering…
DARKING
Physical Exercise (HIIT) Bef…
TrAiDoS
Life Update and thoughts.
FuDDx
How do archons sleep?
8882
James Bond movies ranking - pa…
Topin
Customize Sidebar...

Website Feedback

Closed Threads



Active: 1076 users

Russo-Ukrainian War Thread - Page 392

Forum Index > General Forum
Post a Reply
Prev 1 390 391 392 393 394 911 Next
NOTE: When providing a source, please provide a very brief summary on what it's about and what purpose it adds to the discussion. The supporting statement should clearly explain why the subject is relevant and needs to be discussed. Please follow this rule especially for tweets.

Your supporting statement should always come BEFORE you provide the source.
{CC}StealthBlue
Profile Blog Joined January 2003
United States41117 Posts
February 27 2023 13:33 GMT
#7821
Poland says the next batch of Tanks to be sent to Ukraine in a couple of weeks.

"Smokey, this is not 'Nam, this is bowling. There are rules."
KlaCkoN
Profile Blog Joined May 2007
Sweden1661 Posts
February 27 2023 14:05 GMT
#7822
On February 27 2023 20:47 0x64 wrote:
Show nested quote +
On February 27 2023 20:19 KlaCkoN wrote:
On February 26 2023 18:44 maybenexttime wrote:
On February 26 2023 09:50 iPlaY.NettleS wrote:
On August 10 2022 22:21 zatic wrote:
On August 10 2022 21:08 iPlaY.NettleS wrote:
On August 10 2022 18:22 zatic wrote:
It is a question, and luckily it has been answered: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4167193

The sanctions are harming Russia far more than they are harming the EU and especially Germany.

Was the top Union official in Germany lying then when he stated last month that the countries aluminium, glass and chemical industries could permanently collapse if the gas situation with Russia is not fixed? With costs rising so fast it becomes uneconomic at some stage no?

https://businessinsider.mx/germany-faces-entire-industries-collapse-russia-natural-gas-supply-cuts-2022-7/

"Entire industries are in danger of collapsing permanently because of the gas bottlenecks: aluminum, glass, the chemical industry," Fahimi, the head of the German Federation of Trade Unions, told Bild am Sonntag. "Such a collapse would have massive consequences for the entire economy and jobs in Germany."

The country's energy crisis is already driving inflation to record highs, which threatens social stability, Fahimi told Bild am Sonntag.

Russian state gas giant Gazprom has already cut gas flows to Germany via the key Nord Stream 1 pipeline by 60% from last month, citing an equipment hold-up in Canada as a result of sanctions over the war in Ukraine.

Under the country's emergency plan, industry would be first in line for supply cuts. The move could devastate the economy and lead to job losses, Germany business leaders and unions have said.

Habeck said natural-gas rationing would likely hit factories not connected to the residential networks first, per Bloomberg.


I am happy to revisit this topic once the German economy is collapsing. So far in 2022 it's been growing, while the Russian has been contracting. We don't have any reliable figures for how much. The study I linked estimates anywhere between 5 and 15 percent just this year. Anything in the double digits would be just catastrophic for any economy.

The IMF recently released their economic estimates, Russian economy likely shrank -2.2% in 2022, not the -5 to -15% laughably claimed previously from more biased sources.

Additionally they estimate Russian GDP growth of 0.3% in 2023, while they're predicting 0.1% growth for Germany in 23', down from 1.9% in 2022.

https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2023/01/31/world-economic-outlook-update-january-2023
The data is in the projections table.

As previously stated, the sanctions have failed and are hurting the EU far more than Russia.The trends in the IMF data make this clear now if it wasn't before.

You should take into the account that Russia increased its military spending in 2022 from about 2.5% of GDP to about 5% of GDP. Whatever they're spending, they are squandering in Ukraine. It could be argued that the real contraction is closer to 4-5%.

There are clear indications that Putin's war chest is running dry. Russia's deficit reached 60% of the value planned for the entire 2023 already in January. Russia's budget revenues in 2023 are predicted to decrease by around 30% due to oil and gas sanctions. The wheels are clearly coming off. It took longer than predicted, but the signs are there.


I think it's true that Russia's economy is and will continue to suffer greatly and that over the next 20 years or so they will be reduced to something like Iran - lots of smart people but without the industrial or scientific infrastructure to undertake any remotely difficult projects.
I also think that that people should not delude themselves into thinking that the sanctions have any particular impact on the war itself. In WW2 the allies flat out bombed the German economy for a year and the war machine kept running. It only stopped with physical occupation of the country. The sanctions the west are leveraging on Russia are obviously minuscule compared to large scale carpet bombings of industrial centers and I think it is foolish to except them to have any real impact on the next few years of the war.
That said, I also think people should be careful about proclaiming victory in the energy war. Europe made it through this winter by permanently shutting down a lot of heavy industry. The worries expressed in the earlier links in this quote chain are all very real. To add some more to the examples given, Intel has reversed/paused their decision of building a new fab in Germany, and BASF is shutting down ammonia production in Europe.
This will presumably continue over the next few years as energy costs stabilize at several-x times the price in the US or China. The outlook is made hilariously worse by the US Inflation Reduction Act which promises immense subsidies for companies to relocate emerging green industries to the US, which the EU has neither the political unity nor fiscal power to counter.
The question should not be whether this war is hurting Russia or Europe more, the answer is obviously Russia, but rather what can be done by the EU or its member states to maintain future prosperity rather than falling into middle income stagnation as this war makes industry structurally noncompetitive on the continent in the long term. Personally I am quite pessimistic. So yea, Russia might become Iran or even North Korea in a decade or two, but Schadenfreude is not a particularly good substitute for prosperity.
Of course the war is not a choice, but the true victory condition is much much harder than 'doing better than Russia'. I think much more urgency needs to be put on making a European economy without Russia viable in the long term. Shutting down industry and then celebrating as gas storage levels are high is amazingly dumb.


No, Russia will not become Iran or North Korea, Russians were smart enough to get out of communism once. They got overwhelmed by corruption and democracy got stolen by a dictator. But that doesn't mean that the new generation is ok with what is happening... It is just safer right now to wait for the shit to collapse by itself.

You do remember the protests, imagine the size of those if there was no risk in showing your opinion.

People often forget that collapses takes years because you usually just stop putting resources in maintaining expensive but non-urgent things (Roads, Powerplants, public buildings), no one notice if a school has shitty paint one more year.

The problem is that the maintenance "debt" keep the collapsing state for decades because you never have the manpower to repair everything.



I would say that Iran has a more successful history with democracy than Russia. Decades of theocracy and sustained economic warfare from the west has still left the country with an extremely fragile and impotent economy. I really dont find it hard to believe that Russia will end up somewhere similar.
But (as can be seen in Iran recently ..) even a very poor state can still muster enough resources to exert violent control over its citizenry. I dont think there is any reason to believe that Russia getting poorer over the next decade will lead to some form of (successful) public uprising. The best we could have hoped for was Putin getting shot in the back of the head and replaced with the CEO of Gazprom, but based on the frankly hilarious number of Russian business men who have decided to commit suicide over the past year it seems that Putin is aware of this too.
"Voice or no voice the people can always be brought to the bidding of their leaders ... All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger."
{CC}StealthBlue
Profile Blog Joined January 2003
United States41117 Posts
February 27 2023 14:49 GMT
#7823
It appears Russia believed Ukraine's statements that the spring offensive could be towards Crimea.

"Smokey, this is not 'Nam, this is bowling. There are rules."
pmp10
Profile Joined April 2012
3380 Posts
February 28 2023 08:19 GMT
#7824
A good interview on Putin's mindset:
If accurate the fighting will not end as long as him and his kind are in power.
Forever war might just be the new normal.
Excludos
Profile Blog Joined April 2010
Norway8230 Posts
February 28 2023 09:16 GMT
#7825
On February 28 2023 17:19 pmp10 wrote:
A good interview on Putin's mindset:
If accurate the fighting will not end as long as him and his kind are in power.
Forever war might just be the new normal.


This is in line with what Zelensky has been echoing since the start; the war ends when Putin is no longer in charge. He's the only reason it's still going after all this clusterfuck, and vice versa it'll still keep trucking while he has anything to say about it, no matter how many bodies he'll have to throw onto the pileup to do so
Ardias
Profile Joined January 2014
Russian Federation617 Posts
February 28 2023 09:52 GMT
#7826
From one of the Russian soldiers on the front (Kupiansk area), a month ago:

"Morale is high. I suppose there will be no big action till spring, since nobody wants to lose warm roof over the head (meaning well-consructed and properly inhabited trenches and dugouts). Had a officer from Army Command visiting, he said that nobody will be discharged in 2023, and operation will be on for 5 years at least. So there is a clear planning horizon as well as understanding of necessity of victory over Ukraine".

For understanding - he isn't from fresh mobilized, it's his second tour in Ukraine (first was in spring-summer 2022).
Mess with the best or die like the rest.
0x64
Profile Blog Joined September 2002
Finland4601 Posts
Last Edited: 2023-02-28 10:08:44
February 28 2023 10:06 GMT
#7827
On February 28 2023 18:52 Ardias wrote:
From one of the Russian soldiers on the front (Kupiansk area), a month ago:

"Morale is high. I suppose there will be no big action till spring, since nobody wants to lose warm roof over the head (meaning well-consructed and properly inhabited trenches and dugouts). Had a officer from Army Command visiting, he said that nobody will be discharged in 2023, and operation will be on for 5 years at least. So there is a clear planning horizon as well as understanding of necessity of victory over Ukraine".

For understanding - he isn't from fresh mobilized, it's his second tour in Ukraine (first was in spring-summer 2022).


Morale is high :D Quote of the year!

(Russian definition of High Morale: The lack of bullet in one's head result in the high morale of our remaining soldiers)
Dump of assembler code from 0xffffffec to 0x64: End of assembler dump.
CuddlyCuteKitten
Profile Joined January 2004
Sweden2700 Posts
February 28 2023 11:07 GMT
#7828
On February 28 2023 19:06 0x64 wrote:
Show nested quote +
On February 28 2023 18:52 Ardias wrote:
From one of the Russian soldiers on the front (Kupiansk area), a month ago:

"Morale is high. I suppose there will be no big action till spring, since nobody wants to lose warm roof over the head (meaning well-consructed and properly inhabited trenches and dugouts). Had a officer from Army Command visiting, he said that nobody will be discharged in 2023, and operation will be on for 5 years at least. So there is a clear planning horizon as well as understanding of necessity of victory over Ukraine".

For understanding - he isn't from fresh mobilized, it's his second tour in Ukraine (first was in spring-summer 2022).


Morale is high :D Quote of the year!

(Russian definition of High Morale: The lack of bullet in one's head result in the high morale of our remaining soldiers)


Why not? It is a big frontline and this guy is sitting in a comfortable well protected trench, possibly in a area without much combat.

Move him to Bakmuth and ask him again and you will likely get a very different answer.
waaaaaaaaaaaooooow - Felicia, SPF2:T
Gorsameth
Profile Joined April 2010
Netherlands22038 Posts
Last Edited: 2023-02-28 11:16:04
February 28 2023 11:15 GMT
#7829
Also if it was a month old its from before the renewed offensive where most of the front was relatively calm.
It ignores such insignificant forces as time, entropy, and death
ZeroByte13
Profile Joined March 2022
780 Posts
February 28 2023 11:24 GMT
#7830
This seems doubtful. "operation will be on for 5 years at least" seems like a very bad plan from both
1. propaganda point of view, as this basically means "don't expect any success from this extremely costly operation any time soon"
2. realistic point of view - no need to explain, I guess, why it's super bad for the country.

I.e. what I mean is why would anyone say that even if it's true, and why would this be good for morale?
Harris1st
Profile Blog Joined May 2010
Germany7028 Posts
Last Edited: 2023-02-28 12:27:51
February 28 2023 12:25 GMT
#7831
On February 28 2023 20:24 ZeroByte13 wrote:
This seems doubtful. "operation will be on for 5 years at least" seems like a very bad plan from both
1. propaganda point of view, as this basically means "don't expect any success from this extremely costly operation any time soon"
2. realistic point of view - no need to explain, I guess, why it's super bad for the country.

I.e. what I mean is why would anyone say that even if it's true, and why would this be good for morale?


Well, this guy probably saw it in a "I have a well paid, quiet job for the next 5 years" kinda way OR he is one of the more zealous guys and actually believes the Nazi nonsense Putin was saying at the start
Go Serral! GG EZ for Ence. Flashbang dance FTW
ZeroByte13
Profile Joined March 2022
780 Posts
February 28 2023 12:34 GMT
#7832
Well, true... you might be right in this.
Ardias
Profile Joined January 2014
Russian Federation617 Posts
February 28 2023 13:01 GMT
#7833
On February 28 2023 21:25 Harris1st wrote:
Show nested quote +
On February 28 2023 20:24 ZeroByte13 wrote:
This seems doubtful. "operation will be on for 5 years at least" seems like a very bad plan from both
1. propaganda point of view, as this basically means "don't expect any success from this extremely costly operation any time soon"
2. realistic point of view - no need to explain, I guess, why it's super bad for the country.

I.e. what I mean is why would anyone say that even if it's true, and why would this be good for morale?


Well, this guy probably saw it in a "I have a well paid, quiet job for the next 5 years" kinda way OR he is one of the more zealous guys and actually believes the Nazi nonsense Putin was saying at the start

Former was an issue before the war (army gave you a steady payroll, a bunch of preferences, stable career (for officers) and not much to do, since after Chechnya all conflicts were quite minor). Hence a lot of refusniks in the first months of the war (the same guy wrote about it in his first tour). Now a lot of soldiers, even among the mobilized (since it's pretty easy to evade, as it became apparent) are more of the second type.
Actually some people in power are afraid of it, fearing that if Ru Army suffer another loss like Balakleya, the "turbopatriotic" protests could take place. Interview with some deputy of the "United Russia" below.
https://www.politnavigator.net/v-edinojj-rossii-zayavili-ob-ugroze-turbo-patrioticheskogo-majjdana.html
TLDR he says that pro-western or pro-communist protests are not an issue anymore, since there is little support for them (though latter never were for past 15 years or so). "Turbopatriotic" (you could probably say 'Nationalist") however, could have a lot of support, since many people in the country support if not the war itself, then people fighting it (especially if you get out of Moscow/St. Petersburg). And that they could opt to change the power figure at the top (which is also true, many of those patriots are greatly dispeased with eith Russian High Command, or Putin and his surrounding (or both)).

And this (though it's my personal take) may be where Prigozhin is headed for. So you didn't see true hardliners in power yet.
Mess with the best or die like the rest.
ZeroByte13
Profile Joined March 2022
780 Posts
February 28 2023 13:42 GMT
#7834
Can you really call anti-war protests "pro-western"?
JimmiC
Profile Blog Joined May 2011
Canada22817 Posts
February 28 2023 14:19 GMT
#7835
--- Nuked ---
Ardias
Profile Joined January 2014
Russian Federation617 Posts
February 28 2023 15:11 GMT
#7836
On February 28 2023 23:19 JimmiC wrote:
For the hardliners it can't be about protecting Russia as Ukraine will take decades to rebuild let alone build up a force to attack them. Not to mention this is weakening Russia against bigger threats like the US. So it has to be about taking land, and why does your average person in Russia care about that? Why would someone want to risk their life for that?

First, by Russian constitution now Kherson, Zaporozhie, Donetsk and Lugansk regions are Russia as well.

Second, there is "Russia" and there are "Russians" (again as an ethnos). There is no distinction in English, but in Russian there is - "russkiy" (pronounced with short "u" as in "Putin") meaning ethnic Russian and "rossiyanin" meanin citizen of Russian Federation. For Russian ethnic nationalists question of the former ones is more than enough.
For other peoples of Russian Federation there is, on the contrary, anti-nationalism take and references to the Soviet past.
That's partially the reason why state propaganda might contradict each other (it was discussed some pages back). It's targeted at different population groups.

Though many people are eager, or, at least, consider a necessity to go in or support war effort by other means while simultaneously despising/hating Putin and Co.

On February 28 2023 22:42 ZeroByte13 wrote:
Can you really call anti-war protests "pro-western"?

I was quoting the guy from the link (he used the word "liberal", but it's basically means "pro-western").
Though at this point - yeah, you probably can, since Ukraine basically runs on Western support atm.
Mess with the best or die like the rest.
ZeroByte13
Profile Joined March 2022
780 Posts
Last Edited: 2023-02-28 16:20:27
February 28 2023 16:03 GMT
#7837
On March 01 2023 00:11 Ardias wrote:
Though at this point - yeah, you probably can, since Ukraine basically runs on Western support atm.
Someone might not support Ukraine / West at all, or even despise them - and still not want the war regardless.
E.g. one might think that Western countries are assholes or something, but people should not die on a war.
JimmiC
Profile Blog Joined May 2011
Canada22817 Posts
February 28 2023 16:17 GMT
#7838
--- Nuked ---
plasmidghost
Profile Blog Joined April 2011
Belgium16168 Posts
February 28 2023 17:05 GMT
#7839
It's also important to note that a lot of the people Russia mobilized to fight aren't ethnically Russian. You've got a ton of Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tuvans, etc. making up the frontline personnel being killed and the ethnic Russians that are very nationalist are glad they're gone
Yugoslavia will always live on in my heart
food
Profile Blog Joined November 2008
United States1951 Posts
Last Edited: 2023-03-01 00:37:11
February 28 2023 18:07 GMT
#7840
I saw tank production numbers being mentioned in british media, apparently this was the source: https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/11/02/the-barren-barrels-en

It paints a different picture versus what Ardias posted earlier.
Can someone ban this guy please? FA?
Prev 1 390 391 392 393 394 911 Next
Please log in or register to reply.
Live Events Refresh
BSL: GosuLeague
21:00
QUARTER FINALS
ZZZero.O101
Liquipedia
[ Submit Event ]
Live Streams
Refresh
StarCraft 2
JuggernautJason150
Nathanias 100
CosmosSc2 16
StarCraft: Brood War
Shuttle 458
UpATreeSC 223
ZZZero.O 101
League of Legends
C9.Mang0171
Counter-Strike
shoxiejesuss2574
Coldzera 670
Foxcn155
minikerr29
Super Smash Bros
Chillindude31
Other Games
Grubby2980
Liquid`RaSZi2633
Gorgc2105
FrodaN945
B2W.Neo631
shahzam600
Beastyqt554
Liquid`Hasu269
ArmadaUGS249
QueenE132
ToD121
XaKoH 104
ViBE57
OptimusSC26
Organizations
Other Games
gamesdonequick3056
StarCraft 2
angryscii 34
Blizzard YouTube
StarCraft: Brood War
BSLTrovo
sctven
[ Show 19 non-featured ]
StarCraft 2
• musti20045 63
• StrangeGG 39
• Kozan
• Migwel
• sooper7s
• AfreecaTV YouTube
• intothetv
• IndyKCrew
• LaughNgamezSOOP
StarCraft: Brood War
• HerbMon 27
• Pr0nogo 3
• STPLYoutube
• ZZZeroYoutube
• BSLYoutube
Dota 2
• WagamamaTV688
• masondota2336
League of Legends
• TFBlade961
Other Games
• imaqtpie2101
• Shiphtur235
Upcoming Events
PiGosaur Cup
2h 44m
WardiTV Invitational
13h 44m
The PondCast
1d 11h
OSC
1d 13h
OSC
2 days
All Star Teams
3 days
INnoVation vs soO
sOs vs Scarlett
uThermal 2v2 Circuit
3 days
All Star Teams
4 days
MMA vs DongRaeGu
Rogue vs Oliveira
Sparkling Tuna Cup
4 days
OSC
4 days
[ Show More ]
Replay Cast
5 days
Wardi Open
5 days
Liquipedia Results

Completed

Proleague 2026-01-12
Big Gabe Cup #3
NA Kuram Kup

Ongoing

C-Race Season 1
IPSL Winter 2025-26
BSL 21 Non-Korean Championship
CSL 2025 WINTER (S19)
OSC Championship Season 13
Underdog Cup #3
BLAST Bounty Winter Qual
eXTREMESLAND 2025
SL Budapest Major 2025
ESL Impact League Season 8
BLAST Rivals Fall 2025
IEM Chengdu 2025
PGL Masters Bucharest 2025

Upcoming

Escore Tournament S1: W4
Acropolis #4
IPSL Spring 2026
Bellum Gens Elite Stara Zagora 2026
HSC XXVIII
Rongyi Cup S3
Thunderfire SC2 All-star 2025
Nations Cup 2026
BLAST Open Spring 2026
ESL Pro League Season 23
ESL Pro League Season 23
PGL Cluj-Napoca 2026
IEM Kraków 2026
BLAST Bounty Winter 2026
TLPD

1. ByuN
2. TY
3. Dark
4. Solar
5. Stats
6. Nerchio
7. sOs
8. soO
9. INnoVation
10. Elazer
1. Rain
2. Flash
3. EffOrt
4. Last
5. Bisu
6. Soulkey
7. Mini
8. Sharp
Sidebar Settings...

Advertising | Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Contact Us

Original banner artwork: Jim Warren
The contents of this webpage are copyright © 2026 TLnet. All Rights Reserved.