General nutrition recommendations - Page 49

I'd say this is a rather significant omission.
In terms of calories burned, Walking > Standing Up > Sitting > Sleeping
The difference between somebody who works a desk job and say, a waiter, in terms of calories burned while they're at work is around 600 calories/day. The best weight loss trick out there is to avoid sitting down.

You kind of touch on caloric density although I don't see you specifically use the words. But the second biggest diet target is nutrient density. Eating nutrient dense foods like vegetables is critical for feeling full faster and for getting the nutrients your body needs without the use of supplements.
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/82/4/721.full

This can be unhealthy if taken to an extreme, so I can understand why it might not have been included, but it's the standard method for boxers, wrestlers, and powerlifters to make weight without losing muscle mass, and is the best way to reduce body fat percentage into the single digits.

Taking supplements is a major decision, and there's not enough information here for people to make informed decisions. In the US at least, and many other countries, the supplement industry is almost completely unregulated, and many of the ones available on shelves are dangerous for long-term health. Taking any kind of supplements should only be done cautiously and with careful study of both the nutrients and the manufacturer.

Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb should all be discussed.

The correct rep count for increasing type IIb muscle fibers is 1-6 reps. These are best for explosive quickness. 8 reps is for building type IIa muscle fibers, which is what body builders use. This is so they can have large flashy muscles. This is also where the 4 seconds up, 2 seconds down recommendation comes from if you've heard that anywhere. It's for body builders. The different muscle fibers is the reason bodybuilders look bigger even though power lifters are stronger. 15+ is for increasing type I muscle fibers.
http://www.weightrainer.net/training/reps.html

This is a topic area that needs a lot more research especially when you consider the number of different variations of intermittent fasting.
Here is a well-done negative opinion on IF: http://www.alanaragon.com/an-objective-look-at-intermittent-fasting.html
And here is a well-done positive opinion: http://www.marksdailyapple.com/fasting-questions-answers/#axzz2V7oEt5gs
I believe the negative opinion is probably closer to general scientific consensus. Mark's blog is great because of it's ridiculous detail, but he also has a lot of heterodox opinions, which don't reflect current consensus.

Over the short term, circuit training is far and away better. Over the long term, IMO, circuit training is still better, but a combined approach is better than either individually. There are some sources who believe power lifting is superior long-term because of a lot of complicated factors. So, why is circuit training better for burning fat? There's a simple equation for this.

number of reps per set x lbs lifted per rep / number of minutes between sets = amount of work per minute

So, if I'm doing 5 reps at 200 lbs over 15 seconds and then resting for 75 seconds between, then the equation looks like this:

5 x 200 / 1.5 (15s+75s) = 666 lbs/min

If, however, I'm doing 20 reps at 100 lbs over 45 seconds, and then resting for only 15 seconds, my equation looks like this:

20 x 100 / 1 (45s+15s) = 2000 lbs/min

Circuit trainers are able to do this because they don't worry as much about the amount of weight they're lifting, so often only need 1 or 2 weight amounts for their entire workout. They simply increase the explosiveness of each rep and number of reps if they find the weight is too low. This works as long as they still remember to pause briefly between each rep, so they don't use momentum to help them with the next rep. A typical circuit trainer might do 3 circuits of 8 exercises per circuit with 1 minute rest between each circuit. That's 48,000 lbs of work in 26 minutes. The power lifter would have to work out for over an hour to get the same results. This is the benefit of targeting Type I muscle fibers instead of Type IIb muscle fibers. More stamina = more work

Long term, there is a slight benefit to power lifting as a supplement to circuit training for weight loss. This allows you to build up type IIb muscle in addition to building type I muscles from circuit training. This will slightly increase your BMR (basal metabolic rate) leading to slightly higher caloric burn throughout the day. There are also a bunch of other factors which have led some to believe power lifting is superior for weight loss long-term, but that gets into rather complicated territory. Circuit training is the reason organizations like CrossFit work so damn well at getting you ridiculously fit while only requiring 15 minutes of your time 3 days a week. It's also the P90X method.