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United States41589 Posts
Time for another personal finance blog and this time we'll be talking investing. I'm not an expert and this should not be taken as a guarantee of endless free money, only as a basic introduction. Furthermore my knowledge is limited by my own experience and research which in turn is focused on my own needs. Your needs, situation, assets and so forth will vary and therefore some or all of this may be inapplicable.
Step 1 Know yourself. The biggest threat to your money is you. You have a lot of experience being you and if typically you find yourself struggling with variance or chasing losses or looking for a big score to "make back" money lost then you need to build that into your plans. Likewise if you're a steely nerved poker player with strong bankroll management then you can build that into your plan. If you plan to buy a house in 5 years and just want something to put money into to keep it from being eroded by inflation, you know that. If you're saving for retirement 40 years from now then again, you know that. There is no single right answer or strategy. Hell, if the only way you can convince yourself to save money at all is if you buy gold and bury it then buy gold and bury it. It'll hold its value better than most consumer goods. There is no optimal, only optimal for you. Know yourself.
Step 2 Do you need help and if so, how does that work? Okay, firstly, there are financial planners and then there are salesmen. Financial planners try and help you plan your finances and salesmen try and sell you things for commission. Unfortunately quite often it's hard to tell the difference. For the kind of money most of us will see in cash most of the time (say, never more than a few hundred thousand) I believe that an intelligent person who is willing to learn probably doesn't need a financial planner. If that's you jump to step 3 now, otherwise keep reading. That said, know yourself, it's step 1 for a reason. If you don't trust yourself making the decisions or would rather outsource it or just feel more comfortable with someone who has initials after his name, go for it. Get an actual financial planner though, not the guy at the bank who they refer you to.
Most financial planners don't charge for their services and rely on commission they receive from convincing you to put your money into certain funds. Unfortunately this applies to the salesmen and the financial planners and to make matters worse, all of them will swear that there is no conflict of interest between the optimal choice for you and the fact that they won't eat unless your money is invested suboptimally. Personally I'm skeptical about whether simply affirming that there is no conflict of interest in a system built on conflict of interest removes it, but that's just me.
A financial planner should spend the entire first meeting trying to answer step 1 (if they've already decided what you need before step 1 then run, they don't care what you need, you have a salesman). If you suck at step 1 then this is an advantage to having a professional. If you think you want maximum returns and damn the risk but happen to mention you're saving for a house they can help explain the conflict there. You talk until you can agree on a course of action and then you basically give them all your money, they pocket some of it (indirectly) and do what you decided to do with the rest.
Also never, ever buy whole life insurance or any other kind of insurance/investment modeled on the "it's a combined product where your premiums are invested in the market over time and then you get the premiums + growth back" bullshit. There are very few exceptions to that rule and nobody to whom those exceptions applies is taking their financial advice from a starcraft forum. Those products are scams and make most of their money through cancellation fees after people work out it's a scam.
Step 3 Disclaimer, this will be heavily focused on equities. I'm young and plan to live a long time so I love equities. If you're also young and also don't plan on dying you probably do too. If you like precious metals and warm fires and an awful lot of waiting around for anything to happen then you're probably a dragon and this won't help so much.
Click here https://personal.vanguard.com/us/openaccount?CompLocation=GlobalHeader&Component=OpenAccount Make account Fund account Buy a mixture of these three Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSMX) Vanguard Total International Stock Index Fund (VGTSX) Vanguard Total Bond Market Fund (VBMFX) When you have more money buy more
50% 30% 20% is as good a ratio as any for someone in their 20s starting out but again, step 1. The ratio is a mix of the higher yield and more widely fluctuating asset classes (first two) and the bonds as a more stable counterbalance. Feel free to adjust the first two down and the bonds up according to your needs and risk tolerance but be aware that short term variance is generally correlated to long term yield.
Also don't put any money you need in the next few years into the first two, these are long term bets. Years like 2008 can and do happen, the only way you get past those bad years is by riding the 6 years of consecutive growth since 2008. Stocks are a long bet, bonds are where you place your safer money.
The ratio will vary according to the know yourself principle. + Show Spoiler [the why of step 3] + So you have your money and you want to invest it. But you can't call up Apple with your credit card number ready and buy a small bit of Apple. So what do you buy? Well, firstly you don't buy stocks in individual companies. Stock prices aren't a fixed representation of how well a company does, they're highly fluctuating highly speculative guesses. Let's go with the Apple example. Everyone everywhere knows Apple is going to make money. A lot of money. Like insane amounts of money. The assessment that Apple is a good company with a good product is right, but not useful. The share price already includes that information, it will only go up if Apple do even better than the insanely well everyone thinks they will do. If, on the other hand, Apple just do very well and make just an obscene amount of money the share price will drop as all the people who believed they would make an insane amount of money are disappointed. Think of it like sports betting. It's not about identifying the most likely winner, everyone already has a fair idea who that is, it's about identifying who is underrated in the odds and who is overrated. If, like me, your conclusion is "I have no clue what the market is going to think about anything on any given day", you want mutual funds, not individual stocks.
Mutual funds are portfolios composed of many different assets overseen by professional investors. When you buy shares of a mutual fund you are gaining indirect exposure to all of the things within that mutual fund. Rather than work out which stock will go up and which will go down and trading constantly you, and many other people, pool your money and professionals make the decisions in exchange for a cut. That sounds fantastic in theory and would be except for one small issue. The professionals suck at it. Like a lot. Like they charge a lot of money for managing your money and yet they struggle to outperform someone picking at random. I like to compare it to eight people all trying to convince you that they could flip three heads in a row in just three flips. One of them is right and he thinks you should give him your money because he's an amazing coinflipper. The problem is that all eight of them think they're that one and the one that they could probably do a fourth and a fifth head without much trouble. So, what you actually want is a subset of mutual funds called index funds.
Index funds are passively managed mutual funds which seek not to beat the market but just to track it by holding a representative sample of the market in question. You can get very broad index funds and sector specific index funds, they come in many shapes and sizes but they have two things in common, diversification within the market they are indexing and very low expense ratios. Unlike the high costs on mutual funds, many of which will consume around 30% of the potential growth, index funds typically end up taking around 1% of the profits over a few decades. Vanguard are a very good provider of low cost index funds which is why I linked them.
To build on the horse racing metaphor I used earlier. When you bet on one specific horse you're betting that it's even faster than the bookies think it is. When you buy an index fund the bet you're making is "I don't know who will win but these look like some pretty fast horses". If the economy grows, if companies collectively make more money than they lose, if the last 200 years of economic productivity keeps on going then the horses will keep getting faster and you'll win that bet. It won't turn $1 into $1,000,000 but what it will do is give you a fairly steady 7% annual return averaged out over a few decades. And compound interest is one hell of a drug.
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Thanks, I'll have to take a look at that. Was wondering what to do with my pittance.
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the way stocks work, is only investing over a very long period of time. Over time, the stock market as a whole goes up that is a known fact.
Investing in stocks is only a risky play if you are only investing for a short period of time, say less then 5 years.
Saying 'you dont buy stocks' doesn't sound like you know all the information. Im not discrediting anything you just said though, that all goes to Step 1 knowing yourself. If you like to look for stability and like non-stock investments, all the power to you.
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United States41589 Posts
I edited my post to make it clear that stocks have higher variance. Thanks for the feedback.
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100% stock baby .
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On October 27 2015 07:50 EJK wrote: Over time, the stock market as a whole goes up that is a known fact.
up in flames more like it
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United States41589 Posts
On October 27 2015 10:21 notesfromunderground wrote:Show nested quote +On October 27 2015 07:50 EJK wrote: Over time, the stock market as a whole goes up that is a known fact.
up in flames more like it Looks like someone sold at the low point in 2008. :D
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United States41589 Posts
On October 27 2015 09:51 Doodsmack wrote:100% stock baby . Same here but not everyone has our risk tolerance and target date.
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On October 27 2015 10:33 KwarK wrote:Show nested quote +On October 27 2015 10:21 notesfromunderground wrote:On October 27 2015 07:50 EJK wrote: Over time, the stock market as a whole goes up that is a known fact.
up in flames more like it Looks like someone sold at the low point in 2008. :D
I don't believe in gambling
I'm just saying, believing things like "the stock market always goes up over the long term, it's a fact" betrays a certain lack of historical perspective and a naive faith in the 'normalness' of one's own moment.
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On October 27 2015 12:27 notesfromunderground wrote:Show nested quote +On October 27 2015 10:33 KwarK wrote:On October 27 2015 10:21 notesfromunderground wrote:On October 27 2015 07:50 EJK wrote: Over time, the stock market as a whole goes up that is a known fact.
up in flames more like it Looks like someone sold at the low point in 2008. :D I don't believe in gambling I'm just saying, believing things like "the stock market always goes up over the long term, it's a fact" betrays a certain lack of historical perspective and a naive faith in the 'normalness' of one's own moment.
Welcome to Modernity.
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United States41589 Posts
On October 27 2015 12:27 notesfromunderground wrote:Show nested quote +On October 27 2015 10:33 KwarK wrote:On October 27 2015 10:21 notesfromunderground wrote:On October 27 2015 07:50 EJK wrote: Over time, the stock market as a whole goes up that is a known fact.
up in flames more like it Looks like someone sold at the low point in 2008. :D I don't believe in gambling I'm just saying, believing things like "the stock market always goes up over the long term, it's a fact" betrays a certain lack of historical perspective and a naive faith in the 'normalness' of one's own moment. There is an implicit assumption of "under normal conditions". "The sun will rise tomorrow, it's a fact" is equally wrong if we accept your premise. Given enough time conditions will change to the extent that that won't be true, you wouldn't be wrong about the sun either, one day it won't rise because it will have become a red giant. But if we amend it's a fact to "under established normal conditions which have proceeded uninterrupted for generations and would take an unprecedented disruption to civilization to change" then it becomes true.
Let's put it another way. If you bet all your money on the sun rising tomorrow and lost you wouldn't be upset about the loss of the money, you'd have bigger issues like what happened to the sun. Likewise if you bet your money on humanity achieving productivity over a few decades and lost the lack of money wouldn't be what kept you up at night, it'd be the famine, riots, martial law etc. Your criticism may be technically correct but it's not usefully correct.
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How many generations are we talking about here...? How old do you think these equity markets are??
YOU are the historical anomaly. It's important to keep that in mind
You've basically transformed a socioeconomic phenomenon which is about 70 years old into "the way things have always worked since time immemorial." This is why Jameson described postmodernity as the collective forgetting of history, I think.
On October 27 2015 12:52 Jerubaal wrote:Show nested quote +On October 27 2015 12:27 notesfromunderground wrote:On October 27 2015 10:33 KwarK wrote:On October 27 2015 10:21 notesfromunderground wrote:On October 27 2015 07:50 EJK wrote: Over time, the stock market as a whole goes up that is a known fact.
up in flames more like it Looks like someone sold at the low point in 2008. :D I don't believe in gambling I'm just saying, believing things like "the stock market always goes up over the long term, it's a fact" betrays a certain lack of historical perspective and a naive faith in the 'normalness' of one's own moment. Welcome to Modernity.
mo' dernity, mo' problems
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United States41589 Posts
I own the means of production, or at least parts of a highly diversified selection of means of production. That strategy has about three thousand years of history on its side.
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On October 27 2015 12:27 notesfromunderground wrote:Show nested quote +On October 27 2015 10:33 KwarK wrote:On October 27 2015 10:21 notesfromunderground wrote:On October 27 2015 07:50 EJK wrote: Over time, the stock market as a whole goes up that is a known fact.
up in flames more like it Looks like someone sold at the low point in 2008. :D I don't believe in gambling I'm just saying, believing things like "the stock market always goes up over the long term, it's a fact" betrays a certain lack of historical perspective and a naive faith in the 'normalness' of one's own moment. i consider my naive faith a stoic leap of trust in the human race
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Thanks for this post. I am going to look into this more, as it stands I've been pretty passively investing because of the relatively piddly amounts I'm able to save. Now that I have an edumacation and entering the job market soon I'l probably have more investable income, and I need to start looking into these things. I will definitely check out Vanguard, and index funds in general, as my meagre savings is currently invested in mutual funds at the behest of a "salesman", as you put it.
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On October 27 2015 14:33 KwarK wrote: I own the means of production, or at least parts of a highly diversified selection of means of production. That strategy has about three thousand years of history on its side.
Three thousand years of the mass-distributed petty ownership over a diversified portfolio? I think not
You don't own means of production, by the way. You own a claim on an income stream. Two completely different things.
The hubris of moderns is really astounding.
Look, it might work, it might not. Just don't drag history into this, please. You are the novelty. You are an unprecedented, highly volatile experiment is sociopolitical organization. Forget this at your peril.
One closing thought. Before any of you throw your money at the biggest credit bubble in human history, you might want to study some things about monetary policy and the Federal Reserve's response to 2008 and what has happened in the aftermath of that event. Happy investing!
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On October 27 2015 23:48 notesfromunderground wrote:Show nested quote +On October 27 2015 14:33 KwarK wrote: I own the means of production, or at least parts of a highly diversified selection of means of production. That strategy has about three thousand years of history on its side. Three thousand years of the mass-distributed petty ownership over a diversified portfolio? I think not You don't own means of production, by the way. You own a claim on an income stream. Two completely different things. The hubris of moderns is really astounding. Look, it might work, it might not. Just don't drag history into this, please. You are the novelty. You are an unprecedented, highly volatile experiment is sociopolitical organization. Forget this at your peril. One closing thought. Before any of you throw your money at the biggest credit bubble in human history, you might want to study some things about monetary policy and the Federal Reserve's response to 2008 and what has happened in the aftermath of that event. Happy investing!
If you replaced all your posts with the sentence "it might work, it might not", rather than dedicating so many words to talking down to people (please don't deny it), you would have gotten the same sum total of a point across. You have a theory as to the future, and those who are 100% stock have another theory. For one of us to claim we know better than the other isn't smart.
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Let's all shut up and go home!
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good read. to dumb this down to its very bones:
There are 4 mantras to successful investing. They are 1) time in the market 2) diversify 3) allocate 4) minimize fees
your post addresses most of these, let me suggest a few things.
Allocate 50% large cap, 30% mid cap, 20% small cap.
If this is the US stock market we are talking about, allocate heavily into healthcare, no matter which sector. Its been averaging about 20% gains per year, and this isnt gonna change anytime soon because the demographic isnt getting any younger.
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United States41589 Posts
On October 28 2015 06:36 Aveng3r wrote: good read. to dumb this down to its very bones:
There are 4 mantras to successful investing. They are 1) time in the market 2) diversify 3) allocate 4) minimize fees
your post addresses most of these, let me suggest a few things.
Allocate 50% large cap, 30% mid cap, 20% small cap.
If this is the US stock market we are talking about, allocate heavily into healthcare, no matter which sector. Its been averaging about 20% gains per year, and this isnt gonna change anytime soon because the demographic isnt getting any younger. You understand that the total market funds is composed of large caps, mid caps and small caps, right? Because this feels a lot like I said that jam sandwiches are pretty awesome and you came in and suggested bread, then butter, then jam, then more bread.
Also no, past results are not guarantees of future performance and if healthcare was reliably amount to get 20% per year then all that would happen would be the cost of healthcare stocks would increase to reflect that. Your advice is literally the opposite of your point 2, diversification, it fails to understand efficient market theory and it makes the exact same mistake as the guy going "Apple is a good company, put all the money in Apple".
Your sudden realization that people get old is not actually a unique insight you can use to make huge returns that nobody else knows about.
This is a little more in depth than I was hoping to get into but basically different sectors have different profit to value ratios depending upon whatever the hell the market feels at the time. Take something like an electric company in a developed country. Now there probably isn't going to be much expansion anytime soon. All the people who want electricity have access to it, all the infrastructure has been built, it's a stable market for a known good that will be needed for the foreseeable future but has max saturation. That company will have a share price that reflects the amount people will pay for stable, known profits. Now take a company like Amazon. Amazon doesn't make any money for the shareholders, Amazon is a public service funded by investment bankers who appear to have an obsession with building an ever expanding logistics network. Amazon doesn't pay dividends, it reinvests all the profits into becoming a larger, more aggressive, more dominant version of itself. You see you with Amazon you have a shitton of unknowns about what the market is going to do, especially in the mid 2000s when it was really going to take off. The ratio of dividends to share value of the electric company won't apply to Amazon because Amazon doesn't pay out dividends and Amazon certainly isn't stable. So you have to come up with a different ratio to describe internet businesses which tries to account how to value their stocks. The exact same situation applies to healthcare stocks. Stocks are not simply a representation of profits, they depend upon what the market thinks about those profits. The healthcare stocks are rising not because the sector is hugely more profitable than anyone thinks it is and only you know about those profits and you need to buy now before anyone from any of the big investment firms hears about it and wants in on that 20% action raising the price and lowering the yields. They are rising because that ratio is changing. Now the ratio may be adjusting to where it always should have been, it may still be too low, it may be too high, I don't know. I'm not claiming to know. All I'm explaining is that you don't know either and the argument that "people get old" doesn't matter, nor even if these companies make money, or have a product, or will ever have a product.
I'll leave you with a story from Burton G. Malkiel
Concepts Conquer Again: The Biotechnology Bubble What electronics was to the 1960s, biotechnology became to the 1980s. This technology promised to produce a group of products whose uses ranged from the treatment of cancer to the growing of food that would be hardier and more nutritious because it had been genetically modified. In its cover story "Biotech Comes of Age" in January 1984, BusinessWeek put its imprimatur on the boom. "The fundamental question 'Is the technology real?' has been settled," the magazine reported. The biotech revolution was likened to that of the computer. The magazine reported that gene-splicing progress "has outdistanced the most optimistic forecasts" and projected dramatic increases in the sales of biotechnology products.
Such optimism was also reflected in the prices of biotech company stocks. Genentech, the most substantial company in the industry, came to market in 1980. During the first twenty minutes of trading, the stock almost tripled in value, as investors anticipated that they were purchasing the next IBM at its initial public offering. Other new issues of biotech companies were eagerly gobbled up by hungry investors who saw a chance to get into a multibillion-dollar new industry on the ground floor. The key product that drove the first wave of the biotech frenzy was Interferon, a cancer-fighting drug. Analysts predicted that sales of Interferon would exceed $1 billion by 1982. (In reality, sales of this successful product were barely $200 million in 1989, but there was no holding back the dreams of castles in the air.) Analysts continually predicted an explosion of earnings two years out for the biotech companies. Analysts were continually disappointed. But the technological revolution was real and hope springs eternal. Even weak companies benefited under the umbrella of the technology potential.
Valuation levels of biotechnology stocks reached levels previously unknown to investors. In the 1960s, speculative growth stocks might have sold at 50 times earnings in the 1960s. In the 1980s, some biotech stocks sold at 50 times sales. As a student of valuation techniques, I was fascinated to read how security analysts rationalized these prices. Because biotech companies typically had no current earnings (and realistically no positive earnings expected for several years) and little sales, new valuation methods had to be devised. My favorite was the "product asset valuation" method recommended by one of Wall Street's leading securities houses. Basically, the method involved the estimation of the value of all the products in the "pipeline" of each biotech company. Even if the planned product involved nothing more than the drawings of a genetic engineer, a potential sales volume and a profit margin were estimated for each product that was even a glint in some scientist's eye. Sales could be estimated by taking the "expected clinical indications" for the future drug, predicting the potential number of patient users, and assuming a generous price tag. The total value of the "product pipeline" would then give the analyst a fair idea of the price at which the company's stock should sell.
None of the potential problems seemed real to the optimists. Perhaps U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval would be delayed. (Interferon was delayed for several years.) Would the market bear the fancy drug price tags that were projected? Would patent protection be possible as virtually every product in the biotechnology pipeline was being developed simultaneously by several companies, or were patent clashes inevitable? Would much of the potential profit from a successful drug be siphoned off by the marketing partner of the biotech company, usually one of the major drug companies? In the mid-1980s, none of these potential problems seemed real. Indeed, the biotech stocks were regarded by one analyst as less risky than standard drug companies because there were "no old products which need to be offset because of their declining revenues." We had come full circle having positive sales and earnings was actually considered a drawback because those profits might decline in the future.
From the mid-1980s to the late 1980s, most biotechnology stocks lost three-quarters of their market value. They plunged in the crash of 1987 and continued heading south even as the market recovered in 1988. Market sentiment had changed from acceptance of an exciting story and multiples in the stratosphere to a desire to stay closer to earth with low-multiple stocks that actually pay dividends. Nor did the fate of the biotechnology industry improve in the 1990s. Although the stocks rose early in the decade, they had a severe sinking spell toward the middle of the 1990s, with the popular Biotech Index, which is traded on the American Stock Exchange, falling more than 50 percent from 1992 to 1994. By the mid-1990s, the industry was losing money at a rate of $4 billion per year.
More was to come. Promoters, eager to satisfy the insatiable thirst of investors for the space-age stocks of the Soaring Sixties, created new offerings by the dozens. More new issues were offered in the 1959- 62 period than at any previous time in history. The new-issue mania rivaled the South Sea Bubble in its intensity and also, regrettably, in the fraudulent practices that were revealed. It was called the tronics boom, because the stock offerings often included some garbled version of the word "electronics" in their title, even if the companies had nothing to do with the electronics industry. Buyers of these issues didn't really care what the companies made so long as it sounded electronic, with a suggestion of the esoteric. For example, American Music Guild, whose business consisted entirely of the door-todoor sale of phonograph records and players, changed its name to Space-Tone before "going public." The shares were sold to the public at 2 and, within a few weeks, rose to 14. The name was the game. There were a host of "trons" such as Astron, Dutron, Vulcatron, and Transitron, and a number of "onics" such as Circuitronics, Supronics, Videotronics, and several Electrosonics companies. Leaving nothing to chance, one group put together the winning combination Powertron Ultrasonics. Jack Dreyfus, of Dreyfus and Company, commented on the mania as follows: Show nested quote +Take a nice little company that's been making shoelaces for 40 years and sells at a respectable six times earnings ratio. Change the name from Shoelaces, Inc. to Electronics and Silicon Furth-Burners. In today's market, the words "electronics" and "silicon" are worth 15 times earnings. However, the real play comes from the word "furth-burners," which no one understands. A word that no one understands entitles you to double your entire score. Therefore, we have six times earnings for the shoelace business and 15 times earnings for electronic and silicon, or a total of 21 times earnings. Multiply this by two for furth-burners and we now have a score of 42 times earnings for the new company.
The only way you can fight the fact that sectors routinely go insane and nobody knows when, or which is by diversification and a long investment horizon.
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