• Log InLog In
  • Register
Liquid`
Team Liquid Liquipedia
EDT 09:51
CEST 15:51
KST 22:51
  • Home
  • Forum
  • Calendar
  • Streams
  • Liquipedia
  • Features
  • Store
  • EPT
  • TL+
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Smash
  • Heroes
  • Counter-Strike
  • Overwatch
  • Liquibet
  • Fantasy StarCraft
  • TLPD
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Blogs
Forum Sidebar
Events/Features
News
Featured News
Serral wins EWC 202531Tournament Spotlight: FEL Cracow 20259Power Rank - Esports World Cup 202580RSL Season 1 - Final Week9[ASL19] Finals Recap: Standing Tall15
Community News
[BSL 2025] H2 - Team Wars, Weeklies & SB Ladder7EWC 2025 - Replay Pack4Google Play ASL (Season 20) Announced38BSL Team Wars - Bonyth, Dewalt, Hawk & Sziky teams10Weekly Cups (July 14-20): Final Check-up0
StarCraft 2
General
Serral wins EWC 2025 The GOAT ranking of GOAT rankings EWC 2025 - Replay Pack #1: Maru - Greatest Players of All Time Greatest Players of All Time: 2025 Update
Tourneys
Sea Duckling Open (Global, Bronze-Diamond) TaeJa vs Creator Bo7 SC Evo Showmatch Sparkling Tuna Cup - Weekly Open Tournament FEL Cracov 2025 (July 27) - $10,000 live event Esports World Cup 2025
Strategy
How did i lose this ZvP, whats the proper response
Custom Maps
External Content
Mutation # 484 Magnetic Pull Mutation #239 Bad Weather Mutation # 483 Kill Bot Wars Mutation # 482 Wheel of Misfortune
Brood War
General
[BSL 2025] H2 - Team Wars, Weeklies & SB Ladder Flash Announces (and Retracts) Hiatus From ASL BW General Discussion Brood War web app to calculate unit interactions Google Play ASL (Season 20) Announced
Tourneys
Small VOD Thread 2.0 [Megathread] Daily Proleagues [BSL] Non-Korean Championship - Final weekend [BSL20] Non-Korean Championship 4x BSL + 4x China
Strategy
Does 1 second matter in StarCraft? Simple Questions, Simple Answers Muta micro map competition [G] Mineral Boosting
Other Games
General Games
Nintendo Switch Thread Stormgate/Frost Giant Megathread Beyond All Reason Total Annihilation Server - TAForever [MMORPG] Tree of Savior (Successor of Ragnarok)
Dota 2
Official 'what is Dota anymore' discussion
League of Legends
Heroes of the Storm
Simple Questions, Simple Answers Heroes of the Storm 2.0
Hearthstone
Heroes of StarCraft mini-set
TL Mafia
TL Mafia Community Thread Vanilla Mini Mafia
Community
General
US Politics Mega-thread Stop Killing Games - European Citizens Initiative Things Aren’t Peaceful in Palestine UK Politics Mega-thread Canadian Politics Mega-thread
Fan Clubs
INnoVation Fan Club SKT1 Classic Fan Club!
Media & Entertainment
Anime Discussion Thread [\m/] Heavy Metal Thread Movie Discussion! [Manga] One Piece Korean Music Discussion
Sports
2024 - 2025 Football Thread Formula 1 Discussion TeamLiquid Health and Fitness Initiative For 2023 NBA General Discussion
World Cup 2022
Tech Support
Gtx660 graphics card replacement Installation of Windows 10 suck at "just a moment" Computer Build, Upgrade & Buying Resource Thread
TL Community
TeamLiquid Team Shirt On Sale The Automated Ban List
Blogs
The Link Between Fitness and…
TrAiDoS
momentary artworks from des…
tankgirl
from making sc maps to makin…
Husyelt
StarCraft improvement
iopq
Socialism Anyone?
GreenHorizons
Eight Anniversary as a TL…
Mizenhauer
Customize Sidebar...

Website Feedback

Closed Threads



Active: 605 users

Europa Universalis 3 - Page 71

Forum Index > General Games
Post a Reply
Prev 1 69 70 71 72 73 101 Next
Velr
Profile Blog Joined July 2008
Switzerland10704 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-11-07 18:49:22
November 07 2011 18:48 GMT
#1401
Yeah, kill some smaller ones in Italy that aren't allied with someone bordering your eastern provinces.

Even if they are big, they probably will have troubles bringin enough troops by ship (assuming your forces are decent ).
Simberto
Profile Blog Joined July 2010
Germany11507 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-11-07 19:24:11
November 07 2011 19:21 GMT
#1402
Step one, stop paying money to heathen barbarians. The Eastern Emperor should not pay tribute to anyone, especially not to godless heathens. Also beat them up real good so they don't ever think of insulting your godgiven rights again. Then you should end the shizm of the holy church by reclaiming your rightful inheritance and restoring the Empire under one true throne.

Step three would be restoring the borders of your empire to their long forlorn glory by reclaiming ALL of your roman birthright. Also this would be a good time to teach the Usurper that has the audacity of calling himself Holy Roman Emperor what being a roman Emperor really means.

Your borders should look about like this in the end:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomanEmpireTrajan117AD.png
Euronyme
Profile Joined August 2010
Sweden3804 Posts
November 08 2011 04:05 GMT
#1403
Oh and wait with taking Rome. Catholics will get missions to take back Rome, so atleast wait until the reformation for that.
I bet i can maı̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̨̨̨̨̨̨ke you wipe your screen.
MattBarry
Profile Joined March 2011
United States4006 Posts
November 08 2011 04:11 GMT
#1404
I'm loving this death and taxes mod. When the event came up to change the name of colonies I think I cried tears of joy. Stronger sliders have lead to an...interesting holland. My big ships are cheaper than cavalry.
Platinum Support GOD
Euronyme
Profile Joined August 2010
Sweden3804 Posts
November 08 2011 05:35 GMT
#1405
The thing I dislike the most with DT is the severe penalties in the sliders. Imo there should just be strong benefits.
For instance having heretics be in higher esteem than the true faith doesn't even make sence O_O
I bet i can maı̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̨̨̨̨̨̨ke you wipe your screen.
Tewks44
Profile Joined April 2011
United States2032 Posts
November 08 2011 05:54 GMT
#1406
I've been playing this for some time and here's some guidelines I've felt have helped. Please free free to add any/adjust the ones I mention

1.Maintain your economy. Don't take loans to finance your empire and only maintain a military you can support.
2. Only go to war if you have a Causis Belli, the stability penalty isn't worth it.
3. Before going to war look at the alliances. Don't enter a war you won't be able to win.
4. Use your merchants. Try to have a presence in the richest centers of trade.

I'm still in the early 1400s but so far I've felt like using these guidelines I've been able to not only maintain my empire, but expand it. Let me know if you guys have any other pointers of if you think one of these guidelines can be bent/broken under some circumstances?
"that is our ethos; free content, starcraft content, websites that work occasionally" -Sean "Day[9]" Plott
Caller
Profile Blog Joined September 2007
Poland8075 Posts
November 08 2011 06:16 GMT
#1407
On November 08 2011 14:54 Tewks44 wrote:
I've been playing this for some time and here's some guidelines I've felt have helped. Please free free to add any/adjust the ones I mention

1.Maintain your economy. Don't take loans to finance your empire and only maintain a military you can support.
2. Only go to war if you have a Causis Belli, the stability penalty isn't worth it.
3. Before going to war look at the alliances. Don't enter a war you won't be able to win.
4. Use your merchants. Try to have a presence in the richest centers of trade.

I'm still in the early 1400s but so far I've felt like using these guidelines I've been able to not only maintain my empire, but expand it. Let me know if you guys have any other pointers of if you think one of these guidelines can be bent/broken under some circumstances?

while 1 and 3 are common sense, 2 and 4 are a bit more meh:

You should consider declaring war without a casus belli if, say, you are a smaller country attacking a larger one. Because you can only win when the larger country is weak, you may have to attack without a casus belli.

As for merchants, if your country has the wrong sliders, merchants will cost you money and won't generate any income (because they get outcompeted).
Watch me fail at Paradox: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=397564
Tewks44
Profile Joined April 2011
United States2032 Posts
November 08 2011 06:36 GMT
#1408
On November 08 2011 15:16 Caller wrote:
Show nested quote +
On November 08 2011 14:54 Tewks44 wrote:
I've been playing this for some time and here's some guidelines I've felt have helped. Please free free to add any/adjust the ones I mention

1.Maintain your economy. Don't take loans to finance your empire and only maintain a military you can support.
2. Only go to war if you have a Causis Belli, the stability penalty isn't worth it.
3. Before going to war look at the alliances. Don't enter a war you won't be able to win.
4. Use your merchants. Try to have a presence in the richest centers of trade.

I'm still in the early 1400s but so far I've felt like using these guidelines I've been able to not only maintain my empire, but expand it. Let me know if you guys have any other pointers of if you think one of these guidelines can be bent/broken under some circumstances?

while 1 and 3 are common sense, 2 and 4 are a bit more meh:

You should consider declaring war without a casus belli if, say, you are a smaller country attacking a larger one. Because you can only win when the larger country is weak, you may have to attack without a casus belli.

As for merchants, if your country has the wrong sliders, merchants will cost you money and won't generate any income (because they get outcompeted).


Alas, there is still much more to this game that I have yet to understand. Are there any comprehensive guides you can suggest so I can learn more about how sliders work and such?
"that is our ethos; free content, starcraft content, websites that work occasionally" -Sean "Day[9]" Plott
Caller
Profile Blog Joined September 2007
Poland8075 Posts
November 08 2011 07:48 GMT
#1409
On November 08 2011 15:36 Tewks44 wrote:
Show nested quote +
On November 08 2011 15:16 Caller wrote:
On November 08 2011 14:54 Tewks44 wrote:
I've been playing this for some time and here's some guidelines I've felt have helped. Please free free to add any/adjust the ones I mention

1.Maintain your economy. Don't take loans to finance your empire and only maintain a military you can support.
2. Only go to war if you have a Causis Belli, the stability penalty isn't worth it.
3. Before going to war look at the alliances. Don't enter a war you won't be able to win.
4. Use your merchants. Try to have a presence in the richest centers of trade.

I'm still in the early 1400s but so far I've felt like using these guidelines I've been able to not only maintain my empire, but expand it. Let me know if you guys have any other pointers of if you think one of these guidelines can be bent/broken under some circumstances?

while 1 and 3 are common sense, 2 and 4 are a bit more meh:

You should consider declaring war without a casus belli if, say, you are a smaller country attacking a larger one. Because you can only win when the larger country is weak, you may have to attack without a casus belli.

As for merchants, if your country has the wrong sliders, merchants will cost you money and won't generate any income (because they get outcompeted).


Alas, there is still much more to this game that I have yet to understand. Are there any comprehensive guides you can suggest so I can learn more about how sliders work and such?

just use expected value. 5 merchants in a 1000 value trade center give you about 100 income annually. so each merchant gives you about 20 gold. assume a merchant stays for one year. it costs 10 gold to send a merchant. if u have a 50% chance of competing for a seat, expected value is 10 gold. So basically, you lose a merchant. Now if you had 90% compete chance, you have expected value of 18 gold, which is then worth it.

as a general rule, trading nations want free trade, then plutocracy, in that order. Unless you happen to own more than half of the world's total trading centers (in value), in which case mercantilism becomes more worth it.
Watch me fail at Paradox: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=397564
Velr
Profile Blog Joined July 2008
Switzerland10704 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-11-08 10:01:16
November 08 2011 07:57 GMT
#1410
This Guide explains much stuff pretty good, sadly it's nowhere near finnished yet but the most important stuff is there allready:
http://forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/showthread.php?560297-Gela-s-EU3-AAR-for-Beginners-A-Guide&s=4ef40d08d5fe4ef4842810cd1b7f2c72

1.Maintain your economy. Don't take loans to finance your empire and only maintain a military you can support.
2. Only go to war if you have a Causis Belli, the stability penalty isn't worth it.
3. Before going to war look at the alliances. Don't enter a war you won't be able to win.
4. Use your merchants. Try to have a presence in the richest centers of trade.


These all "depend"...
1: Often a Loan is the diffrence between winning a war and losing (and the troops you bought from that loan). Naturally you shouldn't base your economy on it but thats like common sense (at least in videogames, as it seems not so much in reality ).

2. Stability is really not that big of an Issue IF your either very small or generate good revenue to kick that slider near max. Rebells are "easypeasy" anyway if you got a decent army . You want the CB mainly for lower Infamy for annexing and/or vassaling your enemy (and to make sure that the Emperor does not intervene if your a HRE country).
Just make sure you got a deceont Bank before taking big stability hits (you should have a good bank before going to war anyway ideally) to put it back up. If your allready low on money, then it can be an Issue.

3. Well, yes... But the alliances are not necessarily followed... So i wouldn't recommend it, but you can try it (just save beforehand ).

4. Merchants are really a terrible waste if your sliders/compete chance isn't good. You see the "compete chance in this cot" in the cot-folder... Look at this, send Merchants to cots where there are "easy" slots. There is no point sending Merchants to a 1-2k Cot when your chance is 10% while there are 300-500 Cots where you have a 70%+ chance (it's just like that in a game i'm playing atm... And my sliders are actually decent... But so is my Infamy :D).
If your Infamy is high you might also just stop sending them in general...
Btw: Merchant Republic is actually not that good for trading (but it's staggeringly good at getting easy CB's ^^), Administrative Republic is just superior.



Edit: Now with the correct link...
Euronyme
Profile Joined August 2010
Sweden3804 Posts
November 08 2011 17:37 GMT
#1411
Has anyone tried playing the Livonian order or whatever they're called? How exactly are they formed?
I bet i can maı̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̨̨̨̨̨̨ke you wipe your screen.
Skilledblob
Profile Joined April 2011
Germany3392 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-11-08 17:56:43
November 08 2011 17:55 GMT
#1412
On November 09 2011 02:37 Euronyme wrote:
Has anyone tried playing the Livonian order or whatever they're called? How exactly are they formed?


historically they were the remains of the Teutonic Order.

After the Teutonic order was beaten by Poland and Lithuania its baltic regions split apart and thus the Livonian order was formed.

The Order it self was always a part of the Teutonic Knights but after the Teutons became vassals to Poland the Teutons split up into Prussia ( polish vassal ) and the Livonian Order
Euronyme
Profile Joined August 2010
Sweden3804 Posts
November 08 2011 18:10 GMT
#1413
On November 09 2011 02:55 Skilledblob wrote:
Show nested quote +
On November 09 2011 02:37 Euronyme wrote:
Has anyone tried playing the Livonian order or whatever they're called? How exactly are they formed?


historically they were the remains of the Teutonic Order.

After the Teutonic order was beaten by Poland and Lithuania its baltic regions split apart and thus the Livonian order was formed.

The Order it self was always a part of the Teutonic Knights but after the Teutons became vassals to Poland the Teutons split up into Prussia ( polish vassal ) and the Livonian Order


I mean in game. What's the mechanic that forms them?
They have an awesome looking flag imo :3
I bet i can maı̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̨̨̨̨̨̨ke you wipe your screen.
Skilledblob
Profile Joined April 2011
Germany3392 Posts
November 08 2011 18:44 GMT
#1414
On November 09 2011 03:10 Euronyme wrote:
Show nested quote +
On November 09 2011 02:55 Skilledblob wrote:
On November 09 2011 02:37 Euronyme wrote:
Has anyone tried playing the Livonian order or whatever they're called? How exactly are they formed?


historically they were the remains of the Teutonic Order.

After the Teutonic order was beaten by Poland and Lithuania its baltic regions split apart and thus the Livonian order was formed.

The Order it self was always a part of the Teutonic Knights but after the Teutons became vassals to Poland the Teutons split up into Prussia ( polish vassal ) and the Livonian Order


I mean in game. What's the mechanic that forms them?
They have an awesome looking flag imo :3


they dont get formed. You start at the time where they exist in the game or you wont see them
Euronyme
Profile Joined August 2010
Sweden3804 Posts
November 08 2011 18:57 GMT
#1415
On November 09 2011 03:44 Skilledblob wrote:
Show nested quote +
On November 09 2011 03:10 Euronyme wrote:
On November 09 2011 02:55 Skilledblob wrote:
On November 09 2011 02:37 Euronyme wrote:
Has anyone tried playing the Livonian order or whatever they're called? How exactly are they formed?


historically they were the remains of the Teutonic Order.

After the Teutonic order was beaten by Poland and Lithuania its baltic regions split apart and thus the Livonian order was formed.

The Order it self was always a part of the Teutonic Knights but after the Teutons became vassals to Poland the Teutons split up into Prussia ( polish vassal ) and the Livonian Order


I mean in game. What's the mechanic that forms them?
They have an awesome looking flag imo :3


they dont get formed. You start at the time where they exist in the game or you wont see them


That's not true. I've seen them pop up.
I bet i can maı̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̨̨̨̨̨̨ke you wipe your screen.
Simberto
Profile Blog Joined July 2010
Germany11507 Posts
November 08 2011 19:16 GMT
#1416
Probably a rebel nation. I am not 100% sure how those appear, but rebels are involved. Maybe breaking to nationistic rebels, or something like that.
hpty603
Profile Blog Joined September 2010
United States262 Posts
November 08 2011 23:10 GMT
#1417
Okay so I've been quite busy in the last 90 years. I've reinstituted the Pentarchy, smacked all three hordes a couple of times, got a ridiculous trade network going in Europe (about 1k/year), taken all of Egypt and Syria (Iraq is my ally), made all but 4 provinces Orthodox, and took Croatia. Now my problem is moving west. Austria has like 200k troops that are 5 or 6 tech levels ahead of me (I'm at 16 IIRC). I'm really starting to fall behind the West in tech and really don't know how to catch up. I'm not minting and not much money goes into stability (usually around 1 or 2 at all times).

[image loading]
I only play 2v2 to see how much of the map I can turn purple ~ Jinro
Simberto
Profile Blog Joined July 2010
Germany11507 Posts
November 09 2011 00:05 GMT
#1418
You need to westernize, also try to keep your stability at three. When you lose stability to something, your first priority should be regaining stab 3 before you tech anything else.

I am also not a fan of not minting at all. Usually i find having a MoM and minting that 0.10% inflation a year away is a good idea. The cold, hard cash is pretty useful in developing your lands and maintaining a larger army to crush whoever wants to defy you.

If in that situation you somehwo manage to play Austria, France and Bohemia against each other/intervene against whoever is HRE when they have their next inevitable war, you should be able to profit greatly. Or maybe be sneaky if the emperor is in trouble, vassalize some electors and make them recognize your rightful claim on the title of holy roman emperor.
Euronyme
Profile Joined August 2010
Sweden3804 Posts
November 09 2011 04:10 GMT
#1419
Anyone tried playing the american tribes in D&T?
I bet i can maı̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̸̨̨̨̨̨̨ke you wipe your screen.
anomalopidae
Profile Blog Joined September 2010
Slovenia549 Posts
November 09 2011 10:09 GMT
#1420
Hmmm, when I played as Byzantium I've actually been ahead in tech compared to the big European nations while keeping the oriental tech, maybe you weren't active trader at start so you've fallen behind, or you've just grown too big
Imagine a place where the Alps meet the Mediterranean, where you can pick autumn fruits in the morning, bathe in the Adriatic in the afternoon, and go night skiing in the evening…It’s Slovenia!
Prev 1 69 70 71 72 73 101 Next
Please log in or register to reply.
Live Events Refresh
The PondCast
10:00
Episode 56
CranKy Ducklings70
Liquipedia
[ Submit Event ]
Live Streams
Refresh
StarCraft 2
Harstem 552
mcanning 45
StarCraft: Brood War
Britney 37092
Bisu 2849
BeSt 1800
Flash 1311
Jaedong 1218
EffOrt 1130
Barracks 1013
ggaemo 826
Mini 478
firebathero 399
[ Show more ]
Soulkey 319
Larva 291
Last 179
Soma 116
hero 111
Mind 99
ToSsGirL 96
TY 90
Snow 85
Hyun 58
JYJ41
sSak 38
Movie 38
[sc1f]eonzerg 37
Sacsri 34
sorry 30
Free 30
Yoon 22
PianO 22
soO 20
sas.Sziky 14
Bale 12
Terrorterran 9
Hm[arnc] 9
IntoTheRainbow 7
ivOry 5
GuemChi 0
Dota 2
Gorgc4303
qojqva3732
KheZu256
XcaliburYe234
420jenkins219
League of Legends
Reynor88
Counter-Strike
ScreaM3797
byalli446
markeloff398
edward55
kRYSTAL_40
Heroes of the Storm
XaKoH 205
Other Games
singsing2321
B2W.Neo1133
hiko1002
DeMusliM442
crisheroes408
Fuzer 278
Happy253
Hui .223
Lowko214
oskar194
QueenE52
rGuardiaN27
Organizations
StarCraft 2
Blizzard YouTube
StarCraft: Brood War
BSLTrovo
sctven
[ Show 15 non-featured ]
StarCraft 2
• davetesta172
• StrangeGG 68
• AfreecaTV YouTube
• intothetv
• Kozan
• IndyKCrew
• LaughNgamezSOOP
• Migwel
• sooper7s
StarCraft: Brood War
• BSLYoutube
• STPLYoutube
• ZZZeroYoutube
Dota 2
• C_a_k_e 3526
• WagamamaTV521
League of Legends
• Jankos1048
Upcoming Events
Online Event
2h 9m
Wayne vs ArT
Strange vs Nicoract
Shameless vs GgMaChine
YoungYakov vs MilkiCow
OSC
4h 9m
Cham vs Bunny
ByuN vs TriGGeR
SHIN vs Krystianer
ShoWTimE vs Spirit
WardiTV European League
1d 2h
MaNa vs NightPhoenix
ByuN vs YoungYakov
ShoWTimE vs Nicoract
Harstem vs ArT
Korean StarCraft League
1d 13h
CranKy Ducklings
1d 20h
BSL20 Non-Korean Champi…
1d 22h
Mihu vs QiaoGege
Zhanhun vs Dewalt
Fengzi vs TBD
WardiTV European League
2 days
Online Event
2 days
Sparkling Tuna Cup
2 days
BSL20 Non-Korean Champi…
3 days
Bonyth vs TBD
[ Show More ]
WardiTV European League
3 days
Wardi Open
3 days
OSC
4 days
uThermal 2v2 Circuit
6 days
The PondCast
6 days
Liquipedia Results

Completed

BSL 20 Non-Korean Championship
FEL Cracow 2025
Underdog Cup #2

Ongoing

Copa Latinoamericana 4
Jiahua Invitational
BSL 20 Team Wars
KCM Race Survival 2025 Season 3
CC Div. A S7
IEM Cologne 2025
FISSURE Playground #1
BLAST.tv Austin Major 2025
ESL Impact League Season 7
IEM Dallas 2025
PGL Astana 2025

Upcoming

BSL 21 Qualifiers
ASL Season 20: Qualifier #1
ASL Season 20: Qualifier #2
ASL Season 20
CSLPRO Chat StarLAN 3
BSL Season 21
RSL Revival: Season 2
Maestros of the Game
SEL Season 2 Championship
WardiTV Summer 2025
uThermal 2v2 Main Event
HCC Europe
Roobet Cup 2025
Yuqilin POB S2
ESL Pro League S22
StarSeries Fall 2025
FISSURE Playground #2
BLAST Open Fall 2025
BLAST Open Fall Qual
Esports World Cup 2025
BLAST Bounty Fall 2025
BLAST Bounty Fall Qual
TLPD

1. ByuN
2. TY
3. Dark
4. Solar
5. Stats
6. Nerchio
7. sOs
8. soO
9. INnoVation
10. Elazer
1. Rain
2. Flash
3. EffOrt
4. Last
5. Bisu
6. Soulkey
7. Mini
8. Sharp
Sidebar Settings...

Advertising | Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Contact Us

Original banner artwork: Jim Warren
The contents of this webpage are copyright © 2025 TLnet. All Rights Reserved.