Sounds pretty interesting and promising but probably not a big enough body of science to push it into standard health care yet. Hopefully it continues to evolve into a useful treatment.
Although the mechanism of action of prolotherapy is not entirely clear, there have been many hypotheses proposed to help rationalize its effects. The general concept is that injectectates initiate a local inflammatory response that ultimately trigger a healing cascade. Release of cytokines and growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor β, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and connective tissue growth factor, promote proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen deposition, strengthening the joint and reducing pain.20,21,24
The most common prolotherapy solutions-hypertonic dextrose, DPG, and morrhuate sodium-are thought to function through different mechanisms. Hypertonic dextrose ruptures local cells via an osmotic gradient; DPG initiates local cellular irritation; and morrhuate sodium draws inflammatory mediators, leading to scarring of pathologic neovasculature.8 Other alternatives have been proposed, such as the administration of hypertonic dextrose causes the activation of inhibitory glycine receptors, thereby causing hyperpolarization and the reduction of nociceptive transmission.41 Ultimately, these injectates converge to form larger, stronger collagen fibers that increase joint stability and thus decrease pain.