• Log InLog In
  • Register
Liquid`
Team Liquid Liquipedia
EST 20:51
CET 02:51
KST 10:51
  • Home
  • Forum
  • Calendar
  • Streams
  • Liquipedia
  • Features
  • Store
  • EPT
  • TL+
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Smash
  • Heroes
  • Counter-Strike
  • Overwatch
  • Liquibet
  • Fantasy StarCraft
  • TLPD
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Blogs
Forum Sidebar
Events/Features
News
Featured News
RSL Season 3 - RO16 Groups A & B Preview1TL.net Map Contest #21: Winners11Intel X Team Liquid Seoul event: Showmatches and Meet the Pros10[ASL20] Finals Preview: Arrival13TL.net Map Contest #21: Voting12
Community News
[TLMC] Fall/Winter 2025 Ladder Map Rotation10Weekly Cups (Nov 3-9): Clem Conquers in Canada4SC: Evo Complete - Ranked Ladder OPEN ALPHA8StarCraft, SC2, HotS, WC3, Returning to Blizzcon!45$5,000+ WardiTV 2025 Championship7
StarCraft 2
General
RSL Season 3 - RO16 Groups A & B Preview [TLMC] Fall/Winter 2025 Ladder Map Rotation Mech is the composition that needs teleportation t Weekly Cups (Nov 3-9): Clem Conquers in Canada Craziest Micro Moments Of All Time?
Tourneys
RSL Revival: Season 3 Constellation Cup - Main Event - Stellar Fest Tenacious Turtle Tussle Master Swan Open (Global Bronze-Master 2) Sparkling Tuna Cup - Weekly Open Tournament
Strategy
Custom Maps
Map Editor closed ?
External Content
Mutation # 499 Chilling Adaptation Mutation # 498 Wheel of Misfortune|Cradle of Death Mutation # 497 Battle Haredened Mutation # 496 Endless Infection
Brood War
General
FlaSh on: Biggest Problem With SnOw's Playstyle Brood War web app to calculate unit interactions [ASL20] Ask the mapmakers — Drop your questions BW General Discussion Terran 1:35 12 Gas Optimization
Tourneys
[Megathread] Daily Proleagues Small VOD Thread 2.0 [BSL21] RO32 Group D - Sunday 21:00 CET [BSL21] RO32 Group C - Saturday 21:00 CET
Strategy
Current Meta Simple Questions, Simple Answers PvZ map balance How to stay on top of macro?
Other Games
General Games
Clair Obscur - Expedition 33 Should offensive tower rushing be viable in RTS games? Nintendo Switch Thread Stormgate/Frost Giant Megathread EVE Corporation
Dota 2
Official 'what is Dota anymore' discussion
League of Legends
Heroes of the Storm
Simple Questions, Simple Answers Heroes of the Storm 2.0
Hearthstone
Deck construction bug Heroes of StarCraft mini-set
TL Mafia
TL Mafia Community Thread SPIRED by.ASL Mafia {211640}
Community
General
Artificial Intelligence Thread US Politics Mega-thread Russo-Ukrainian War Thread Things Aren’t Peaceful in Palestine Canadian Politics Mega-thread
Fan Clubs
White-Ra Fan Club The herO Fan Club!
Media & Entertainment
[Manga] One Piece Anime Discussion Thread Movie Discussion! Korean Music Discussion Series you have seen recently...
Sports
2024 - 2026 Football Thread Formula 1 Discussion NBA General Discussion MLB/Baseball 2023 TeamLiquid Health and Fitness Initiative For 2023
World Cup 2022
Tech Support
SC2 Client Relocalization [Change SC2 Language] Linksys AE2500 USB WIFI keeps disconnecting Computer Build, Upgrade & Buying Resource Thread
TL Community
The Automated Ban List
Blogs
Dyadica Gospel – a Pulp No…
Hildegard
Coffee x Performance in Espo…
TrAiDoS
Saturation point
Uldridge
DnB/metal remix FFO Mick Go…
ImbaTosS
Reality "theory" prov…
perfectspheres
Customize Sidebar...

Website Feedback

Closed Threads



Active: 1531 users

Killing e-Sports

Blogs > Entirety
Post a Reply
Normal
Entirety
Profile Blog Joined April 2012
1423 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-08-11 07:28:46
August 11 2013 07:27 GMT
#1
A lot of people come out and say that StarCraft II is dying. Well, has anyone thought to actually define what a "dying game" or a "dead game" is?

Below, I have attempted to compile a comprehensive list of what StarCraft II needs in order to be considered "alive".
  • Eclipse all other games in popularity, including MMORPGs.
  • Appear on national TV in every country.
  • Be recognized as a mainstream sport (preferably in the Olympics).
  • Have a constantly growing player base each year.
  • Viewer count records must be shattered with each successive tournament.
  • Have hundreds of thousands of stream viewers... for player streams.
  • Every single team must be personally owned by a major international corporation. (Apple-IM vs. Google-Prime anyone?)
  • Thousands of minor tournaments with prize pools exceeding $10,000 so that even amateur professional gamers can sustain a living.
  • In fact, the profits from StarCraft II tournaments must eclipse all other potential job prospects and options. After all, if even one player retires, then the game must be dying!

Indeed, it does seem like StarCraft II is dying! However, I have a few clever suggestions which may inject new life into this dying game!
  • Remember the good old days of Brood War where millions of screaming Jaedong fans were in every audience? Brood War is certainly the model example of game that never died, so we must follow Brood War's example closely. Reserve a separate TV channel with reality TV shows for every single professional gamer until every pro is widely recognized and has screaming fangirls. Hopefully, this will dispel the "faceless Korean" stereotype as well!
  • Widow Mine shots are too luck-based. (Source) From now on, Widow Mines will scan both players' accomplishments over the last six months and the shot will be carefully calculated to be most beneficial to the most successful player.
  • While we're at it, Protoss is fundamentally flawed. From now on, whenever more than 5 Protoss units are clustered together, personal differences will trigger in-fighting and eventually, all-out civil war.
  • Also, Terran Mech sucks against Protoss. Fix: Siege Tanks gain a passive ability which causes all nearby Stalkers and Immortals to freak out and walk off in random directions.
  • MULEs are so broken! How can Terran be down 40 workers and still come back to win the game? From now on, whenever SCVs are killed, the MULEs will become too terrified to continue working. Dropping manner MULEs now causes total mutiny. Additionally, MULEs now periodically enter an existential crisis due to their timed life.
  • I heard that StarCraft II revolves too much around "terrible terrible damage" and PEW PEW LAZERZ, causing battles to be too short. To rectify this, combat will now be turn-based.
  • Sniper is not allowed to ever win again.
  • The lack of a SC2 bonjwa signifies that the game is too random for skill to prevail. Thus, a vote will be held to determine the most popular SC2 player. Afterwards, all of that player's matches will be fixed so that player will win every tournament and become a bonjwa. (Secretly though, we have to learn from our Brood War mistake!!!)
  • Screw it, let's just nuke the U.S. government. VISAs are killing e-Sports!

Please tell me your suggestions regarding:
A) What defines a dying game?
B) What do we do to save SC2?!?!?!

+ Show Spoiler +
Yes, this was satirical and not meant to be taken literally.

Sometimes people need to lighten up!


***
IMMvp (정종현) | Fan Club: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=211431
Bayyne
Profile Joined January 2011
United States1967 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-08-11 07:40:21
August 11 2013 07:36 GMT
#2
I believe what people mean when they say a game is 'dying' is that it's losing players. Losing can be any arbitrary number, be it '1% player drop per month since 2011', or '25% less viewers for this TSL than last TSL', etc.

Compared to the other top games at the moment, they are the opposite of my aforementioned 'dying'; they are growing their player bases. They see steady increases in viewers, etc., etc..

My view? I don't think a game like Starcraft will ever die. For a game to be dead, there must be no competitive scene and absolutely zero interest in the game. That is not true nor will it be true for a long time.

To answer your second part: there is nothing we can do that isn't already being done by us; only Blizzard can generate a true solution. The community already does so much to keep the game as a top 5 relevant game. It actually is very impressive how awesome the content creators and organizers are at injecting life-blood in this game.


And I don't read spoilers btw.
Remember not only to say the right thing in the right place, but far more difficult still, to leave unsaid the wrong thing at the tempting moment.
Entirety
Profile Blog Joined April 2012
1423 Posts
August 11 2013 07:51 GMT
#3
That's an interesting view point. Many games have dips and upswings - does that mean they are dying one month and rejuvenated the next? Also, most games have an initial surge of popularity, a peak, and then steady decline as they become outdated. Does that mean all games past their peak are dying?

In all seriousness, I would consider an e-Sport to be dying only when it stops becoming sustainable. Even if viewers drop, or players drop, I can still call StarCraft II "alive" because players can sustain themselves off StarCraft II. To me, drops in viewer counts can simply mean that more casual fans are moving on, but a loyal fanbase still exists and thrives (especially here at TL). If players begin leaving the game, that signifies that a game is moving farther away from mainstream, but "niche e-Sports" can still exist. A great example would be Brood War, where it was very popular in South Korea but not internationally.

If professional gamers start leaving the scene, that's when I start to say the game might be dying. However, it's important to recognize whether the gamers are leaving because there was an oversaturation of players previously (which means the scene is becoming sustainable) or if it simply becomes unfeasible to make a living off of progaming.

At the moment, I see plenty of major cups which give the average progamer a little form of income. I see nice opportunities in the form of WCS and other weekend tournaments. While you may not reach first place, if you earn a couple grand, it's still very nice! And, most importantly, I see sponsors and teams willing to fund the players and support them. With all this talk of financial instability and teams disbanding, it's easy to forget that we have plenty of very stable teams such as IM, TL, and STX that don't seem to be going anywhere. I believe StarCraft is alive, thriving, and still young.
IMMvp (정종현) | Fan Club: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=211431
tar
Profile Joined October 2010
Germany991 Posts
August 11 2013 08:03 GMT
#4
This. 100%
whoever I pick for my anti team turns gosu
Chairman Ray
Profile Blog Joined December 2009
United States11903 Posts
August 11 2013 08:20 GMT
#5
I think every so often, a widow mine shot should no go off, but follow the unit for a few seconds, and then either detonate, or just not do anything.
Bigtony
Profile Blog Joined June 2011
United States1606 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-08-11 09:12:03
August 11 2013 09:11 GMT
#6
Look at the scene objectively. It looks healthy on the surface but the North American scene is incredibly weak. Blizzard has not made a good move yet and is YEARS behind the competition in infrastructure and support. The game itself is less popular with the general public as a whole in every region (league/dota are significantly more popular to play). Many of the 'e-sports is dying' people are very stupid, but not all of them are wrong.
Push 2 Harder
Mahanaim
Profile Joined December 2012
Korea (South)1002 Posts
August 11 2013 09:54 GMT
#7
XD.
Celebrating Starcraft since... a long time ago.
Dodgin
Profile Blog Joined July 2011
Canada39254 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-08-11 10:01:12
August 11 2013 10:00 GMT
#8
Widow Mine shots are too luck-based. (Source) From now on, Widow Mines will scan both players' accomplishments over the last six months and the shot will be carefully calculated to be most beneficial to the most successful player.


The lack of a SC2 bonjwa signifies that the game is too random for skill to prevail. Thus, a vote will be held to determine the most popular SC2 player. Afterwards, all of that player's matches will be fixed so that player will win every tournament and become a bonjwa.


These are some of the greatest suggestions I have ever seen.
fusefuse
Profile Blog Joined February 2011
Estonia4644 Posts
August 11 2013 10:07 GMT
#9
good stuff
Liquipedia@jkursk
Zealously
Profile Blog Joined October 2011
East Gorteau22261 Posts
August 11 2013 10:13 GMT
#10
I tried to pick one but nah, all of the suggestions were spot on and exactly what we need to help Starcraft not-die. Indeed, we should put you in the executive commitee to make sure you're able to properly spread your brilliant and 100% serious ideas to the people!
AdministratorBreak the chains
OmniEulogy
Profile Blog Joined July 2010
Canada6593 Posts
August 11 2013 10:54 GMT
#11
On August 11 2013 17:20 Chairman Ray wrote:
I think every so often, a widow mine shot should no go off, but follow the unit for a few seconds, and then either detonate, or just not do anything.


I got a good laugh from this ^^ I also think we should force the most unlucky terran to change his name to Much if this change goes through!
LiquidDota Staff
Paljas
Profile Joined October 2011
Germany6926 Posts
August 11 2013 11:03 GMT
#12
Screw it, let's just nuke the U.S. government. VISAs are killing e-Sports!


Kim Jong Un is trying to save esports.
TL+ Member
iTzSnypah
Profile Blog Joined February 2011
United States1738 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-08-11 11:18:59
August 11 2013 11:17 GMT
#13
We need Zealots with hands. They are killing ESPORTS because when they try to play SC2 they destroy the keyboard and mouse.

Also games should be played in 'slowest' but broadcast in 'fastest'.
Team Liquid needs more Terrans.
Clarity_nl
Profile Joined November 2011
Netherlands6826 Posts
August 11 2013 11:25 GMT
#14
On August 11 2013 20:17 iTzSnypah wrote:
We need Zealots with hands. They are killing ESPORTS because when they try to play SC2 they destroy the keyboard and mouse.

Also games should be played in 'slowest' but broadcast in 'fastest'.


Lol. It'd definitely make people look more gosu
FIGHT THE GOOD FIGHT AGAINST STUPIDITY CLARITY, I BELIEVE IN YOU! - Palmar
unkkz
Profile Blog Joined December 2007
Norway2196 Posts
August 11 2013 11:48 GMT
#15
Well to die is a difference between community, playerbase and competitive scene. Tf2 has a lot of players and servers but the competitive scene is very small and pretty much dead. Unreal tournament has no players but a stubborn active competitive scene. Bw had a very active pro scene in Korea for many years but nothing really competitive wise or playerwise for a lot of years outside Korea, was bw dead?
Talin
Profile Blog Joined September 2010
Montenegro10532 Posts
August 11 2013 12:11 GMT
#16
On August 11 2013 20:17 iTzSnypah wrote:
Also games should be played in 'slowest' but broadcast in 'fastest'.


I would shamelessly watch this.
Targe
Profile Blog Joined February 2012
United Kingdom14103 Posts
August 11 2013 12:32 GMT
#17
You should replace both Browder and Kim + the heads of OSL, GSL, kespa and esf.
Then esports won't die.
11/5/14 CATACLYSM | The South West's worst Falco main
Blisse
Profile Blog Joined July 2010
Canada3710 Posts
August 11 2013 12:36 GMT
#18
Also, Terran Mech sucks against Protoss. Fix: Siege Tanks gain a passive ability which causes all nearby Stalkers and Immortals to freak out and walk off in random directions.


Sounds like standard Dragoon behavior. Needs some blue goo.
There is no one like you in the universe.
nooboon
Profile Blog Joined July 2011
2602 Posts
August 11 2013 13:49 GMT
#19
4/5 not enough blaming blizzard. In all honesty it was pretty funny Good job.
Master of DalK
Profile Blog Joined June 2012
Canada1801 Posts
August 11 2013 15:48 GMT
#20
On August 11 2013 22:49 nooboon wrote:
4/5 not enough blaming blizzard

I agree with that.

Oh also, to keep SC2 alive, we have to destroy anyone who creates adblock programs, because they are also killing eSports.
@MasterDalK | Maelstrom Entertainment | Streaming Every Esport Under the Sun
wei2coolman
Profile Joined November 2010
United States60033 Posts
August 11 2013 16:30 GMT
#21
I heard that StarCraft II revolves too much around "terrible terrible damage" and PEW PEW LAZERZ, causing battles to be too short. To rectify this, combat will now be turn-based.


I approve of this change. Turnbased is always good.
liftlift > tsm
imallinson
Profile Blog Joined May 2011
United Kingdom3482 Posts
August 11 2013 16:31 GMT
#22
Sniper is not allowed to ever win again.

Need to add duckdeok to the list of players who aren't allowed to win anything.

Also players should only be allowed to enter a tournament if they are from the country the the tournament is held in. That way Koreans don't win everything and there are no problems with visas.

ESPORTS SAVED.
Liquipedia
wingpawn
Profile Blog Joined June 2013
Poland1342 Posts
August 11 2013 16:42 GMT
#23
One way to look at it is that a game is dying when someone or something exhausts all the strategical mysteries and maps all possible playable variations in it. SC2 is far from that state and I'd say that BroodWar ain't either but any BW progamer who's ever faced Flash would surely disagree on the latter.

The other way, and seemingly more popular, is that it's dying when people move away from it and they aren't replaced by younger enthusiasts. Well, according to that definition, every computer game is dying because the technological progress marches onwards faster than we do. New generations of gamers hardly ever want to play 5 or 10 years old games, because everyone else of their age is crushing the hottest titles. I don't think SC2 can be an exception. BroodWar lasted well over a decade because of it's depth, diversity of viable playstyles, diversity of races, unprecedented balance and great entertainment values of both playing and watching. SC2 is surely a very good game, but I don't see it being significantly superior to SC1 in those departments, so it's life will probably at best as long as BWs, or shorter, considering the fact that the competition keeps working on new titles (BW wasn't threatened by them mainly because noone played it for great grahpics or game engine).
Targe
Profile Blog Joined February 2012
United Kingdom14103 Posts
August 11 2013 17:18 GMT
#24
On August 12 2013 01:42 wingpawn wrote:
One way to look at it is that a game is dying when someone or something exhausts all the strategical mysteries and maps all possible playable variations in it. SC2 is far from that state and I'd say that BroodWar ain't either but any BW progamer who's ever faced Flash would surely disagree on the latter.

The other way, and seemingly more popular, is that it's dying when people move away from it and they aren't replaced by younger enthusiasts. Well, according to that definition, every computer game is dying because the technological progress marches onwards faster than we do. New generations of gamers hardly ever want to play 5 or 10 years old games, because everyone else of their age is crushing the hottest titles. I don't think SC2 can be an exception. BroodWar lasted well over a decade because of it's depth, diversity of viable playstyles, diversity of races, unprecedented balance and great entertainment values of both playing and watching. SC2 is surely a very good game, but I don't see it being significantly superior to SC1 in those departments, so it's life will probably at best as long as BWs, or shorter, considering the fact that the competition keeps working on new titles (BW wasn't threatened by them mainly because noone played it for great grahpics or game engine).

read the thread.
11/5/14 CATACLYSM | The South West's worst Falco main
Entirety
Profile Blog Joined April 2012
1423 Posts
August 11 2013 19:06 GMT
#25
The variety of responses to this is pretty hilarious. Some of you are missing the point.
IMMvp (정종현) | Fan Club: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=211431
nbaker
Profile Joined July 2009
United States1341 Posts
August 11 2013 19:12 GMT
#26
I always hate it when people end a good thread with a disclaimer :/
Entirety
Profile Blog Joined April 2012
1423 Posts
August 11 2013 19:33 GMT
#27
Sorry, I had to consider the Romanians!
IMMvp (정종현) | Fan Club: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=211431
docvoc
Profile Blog Joined July 2011
United States5491 Posts
August 12 2013 03:30 GMT
#28
The only way to do this is to launder money into the scene obviously, if we don't have 1 trillion dollar pots every tournament, the scene will die, obvi, bro.
User was warned for too many mimes.
ninazerg
Profile Blog Joined October 2009
United States7291 Posts
August 12 2013 03:33 GMT
#29
On August 11 2013 16:27 Entirety wrote:
Remember the good old days of Brood War where millions of screaming Jaedong fans were in every audience? Brood War is certainly the model example of game that never died, so we must follow Brood War's example closely. Reserve a separate TV channel with reality TV shows for every single professional gamer until every pro is widely recognized and has screaming fangirls. Hopefully, this will dispel the "faceless Korean" stereotype as well!


Not even remotely funny. You're trying to be all satirical, but you look like an asshole.
"If two pregnant women get into a fist fight, it's like a mecha-battle between two unborn babies." - Fyodor Dostoevsky
lichter
Profile Blog Joined September 2010
1001 YEARS KESPAJAIL22272 Posts
August 12 2013 03:39 GMT
#30
Mvpppppppppppppppp
AdministratorYOU MUST HEED MY INSTRUCTIONS TAKE OFF YOUR THIIIINGS
Normal
Please log in or register to reply.
Live Events Refresh
PiGosaur Cup
01:00
#57
PiGStarcraft417
CranKy Ducklings81
davetesta44
Liquipedia
[ Submit Event ]
Live Streams
Refresh
StarCraft 2
PiGStarcraft417
ProTech125
trigger 26
Vindicta 21
StarCraft: Brood War
Artosis 700
Shuttle 604
Sexy 59
Dota 2
monkeys_forever316
PGG 191
League of Legends
Cuddl3bear8
Counter-Strike
fl0m1234
Super Smash Bros
hungrybox289
AZ_Axe106
Other Games
summit1g13134
gofns4738
shahzam559
JimRising 248
ViBE175
C9.Mang0163
fpsfer 5
Models1
Organizations
Other Games
gamesdonequick759
StarCraft 2
Blizzard YouTube
StarCraft: Brood War
BSLTrovo
sctven
[ Show 14 non-featured ]
StarCraft 2
• Hupsaiya 83
• AfreecaTV YouTube
• intothetv
• Kozan
• IndyKCrew
• LaughNgamezSOOP
• Migwel
• sooper7s
StarCraft: Brood War
• BSLYoutube
• STPLYoutube
• ZZZeroYoutube
Dota 2
• masondota21329
Other Games
• imaqtpie1589
• Scarra469
Upcoming Events
RSL Revival
8h 9m
Classic vs Creator
Cure vs TriGGeR
Kung Fu Cup
10h 9m
GuMiho vs MaNa
herO vs ShoWTimE
Classic vs TBD
WardiTV Korean Royale
10h 9m
CranKy Ducklings
1d 8h
RSL Revival
1d 8h
herO vs Gerald
ByuN vs SHIN
Kung Fu Cup
1d 10h
Cure vs Reynor
IPSL
1d 15h
ZZZero vs rasowy
Napoleon vs KameZerg
BSL 21
1d 18h
Tarson vs Julia
Doodle vs OldBoy
eOnzErG vs WolFix
StRyKeR vs Aeternum
Sparkling Tuna Cup
2 days
RSL Revival
2 days
Reynor vs sOs
Maru vs Ryung
[ Show More ]
Kung Fu Cup
2 days
WardiTV Korean Royale
2 days
BSL 21
2 days
JDConan vs Semih
Dragon vs Dienmax
Tech vs NewOcean
TerrOr vs Artosis
IPSL
2 days
Dewalt vs WolFix
eOnzErG vs Bonyth
Replay Cast
2 days
Wardi Open
3 days
Monday Night Weeklies
3 days
WardiTV Korean Royale
4 days
BSL: GosuLeague
4 days
The PondCast
5 days
Replay Cast
5 days
RSL Revival
6 days
BSL: GosuLeague
6 days
Liquipedia Results

Completed

Proleague 2025-11-07
Stellar Fest: Constellation Cup
Eternal Conflict S1

Ongoing

C-Race Season 1
IPSL Winter 2025-26
KCM Race Survival 2025 Season 4
SOOP Univ League 2025
YSL S2
BSL Season 21
CSCL: Masked Kings S3
RSL Revival: Season 3
BLAST Rivals Fall 2025
IEM Chengdu 2025
PGL Masters Bucharest 2025
Thunderpick World Champ.
CS Asia Championships 2025
ESL Pro League S22
StarSeries Fall 2025
FISSURE Playground #2
BLAST Open Fall 2025
BLAST Open Fall Qual

Upcoming

SLON Tour Season 2
BSL 21 Non-Korean Championship
Acropolis #4
IPSL Spring 2026
HSC XXVIII
RSL Offline Finals
WardiTV 2025
META Madness #9
BLAST Bounty Winter 2026
BLAST Bounty Winter 2026: Closed Qualifier
eXTREMESLAND 2025
ESL Impact League Season 8
SL Budapest Major 2025
TLPD

1. ByuN
2. TY
3. Dark
4. Solar
5. Stats
6. Nerchio
7. sOs
8. soO
9. INnoVation
10. Elazer
1. Rain
2. Flash
3. EffOrt
4. Last
5. Bisu
6. Soulkey
7. Mini
8. Sharp
Sidebar Settings...

Advertising | Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Contact Us

Original banner artwork: Jim Warren
The contents of this webpage are copyright © 2025 TLnet. All Rights Reserved.