• Log InLog In
  • Register
Liquid`
Team Liquid Liquipedia
EDT 09:34
CEST 15:34
KST 22:34
  • Home
  • Forum
  • Calendar
  • Streams
  • Liquipedia
  • Features
  • Store
  • EPT
  • TL+
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Smash
  • Heroes
  • Counter-Strike
  • Overwatch
  • Liquibet
  • Fantasy StarCraft
  • TLPD
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Blogs
Forum Sidebar
Events/Features
News
Featured News
[ASL21] Ro16 Preview Pt1: Fresh Flow5[ASL21] Ro24 Preview Pt2: News Flash10[ASL21] Ro24 Preview Pt1: New Chaos0Team Liquid Map Contest #22 - Presented by Monster Energy21ByuL: The Forgotten Master of ZvT30
Community News
MaNa leaves Team Liquid13$5,000 WardiTV TLMC tournament - Presented by Monster Energy5GSL CK: More events planned pending crowdfunding7Weekly Cups (May 30-Apr 5): herO, Clem, SHIN win0[BSL22] RO32 Group Stage5
StarCraft 2
General
MaNa leaves Team Liquid Team Liquid Map Contest #22 - Presented by Monster Energy Quebec Clan still alive ? BGE Stara Zagora 2026 cancelled Blizzard Classic Cup @ BlizzCon 2026 - $100k prize pool
Tourneys
Sparkling Tuna Cup - Weekly Open Tournament $5,000 WardiTV TLMC tournament - Presented by Monster Energy RSL Revival: Season 5 - Qualifiers and Main Event GSL CK: More events planned pending crowdfunding Sea Duckling Open (Global, Bronze-Diamond)
Strategy
Custom Maps
[D]RTS in all its shapes and glory <3 [A] Nemrods 1/4 players [M] (2) Frigid Storage
External Content
Mutation # 521 Memorable Boss The PondCast: SC2 News & Results Mutation # 520 Moving Fees Mutation # 519 Inner Power
Brood War
General
ASL21 General Discussion [ASL21] Ro16 Preview Pt1: Fresh Flow BGH Auto Balance -> http://bghmmr.eu/ JD's Ro24 review The Korean Terminology Thread
Tourneys
[ASL21] Ro16 Group A Escore Tournament StarCraft Season 2 [Megathread] Daily Proleagues [ASL21] Ro24 Group F
Strategy
Any training maps people recommend? Fighting Spirit mining rates Muta micro map competition What's the deal with APM & what's its true value
Other Games
General Games
Stormgate/Frost Giant Megathread Nintendo Switch Thread Battle Aces/David Kim RTS Megathread General RTS Discussion Thread Starcraft Tabletop Miniature Game
Dota 2
The Story of Wings Gaming Official 'what is Dota anymore' discussion
League of Legends
G2 just beat GenG in First stand
Heroes of the Storm
Simple Questions, Simple Answers Heroes of the Storm 2.0
Hearthstone
Deck construction bug Heroes of StarCraft mini-set
TL Mafia
Vanilla Mini Mafia Mafia Game Mode Feedback/Ideas TL Mafia Community Thread Five o'clock TL Mafia
Community
General
Canadian Politics Mega-thread Russo-Ukrainian War Thread European Politico-economics QA Mega-thread US Politics Mega-thread The China Politics Thread
Fan Clubs
The IdrA Fan Club
Media & Entertainment
[Manga] One Piece [Req][Books] Good Fantasy/SciFi books Movie Discussion!
Sports
2024 - 2026 Football Thread Formula 1 Discussion Cricket [SPORT] Tokyo Olympics 2021 Thread
World Cup 2022
Tech Support
[G] How to Block Livestream Ads
TL Community
The Automated Ban List
Blogs
lurker extra damage testi…
StaticNine
How Streamers Inspire Gamers…
TrAiDoS
Broowar part 2
qwaykee
Funny Nicknames
LUCKY_NOOB
Iranian anarchists: organize…
XenOsky
ASL S21 English Commentary…
namkraft
Customize Sidebar...

Website Feedback

Closed Threads



Active: 2514 users

The Protoss Help Me Thread - Page 420

Forum Index > StarCraft 2 Strategy
Post a Reply
Prev 1 418 419 420 421 422 432 Next
Make sure you read the OP before asking a question. Asking a question already addressed in the OP will result in moderation action.
llIH
Profile Joined June 2011
Norway2147 Posts
February 08 2013 10:13 GMT
#8381
Are there any fast zealot charge strategies that are good? I'm practicing protoss at the moment. I'm just curious if anyone here knows if it works.
Olli
Profile Blog Joined February 2012
Austria24422 Posts
February 08 2013 10:14 GMT
#8382
On February 08 2013 19:13 llIH wrote:
Are there any fast zealot charge strategies that are good? I'm practicing protoss at the moment. I'm just curious if anyone here knows if it works.


What matchup do you mean?
Administrator"Declaring anything a disaster because aLive popped up out of nowhere is just downright silly."
llIH
Profile Joined June 2011
Norway2147 Posts
February 08 2013 10:17 GMT
#8383
On February 08 2013 19:14 DarkLordOlli wrote:
Show nested quote +
On February 08 2013 19:13 llIH wrote:
Are there any fast zealot charge strategies that are good? I'm practicing protoss at the moment. I'm just curious if anyone here knows if it works.


What matchup do you mean?


I mean any. Does it work against any race?
Teoita
Profile Blog Joined January 2011
Italy12246 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-02-08 10:19:04
February 08 2013 10:18 GMT
#8384
That's incredibly generic. Some zealot-heavy builds for each matchup are:

PvP: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=318673
PvZ: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=379300
PvT: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=319339, http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=364130
ModeratorProtoss all-ins are like a wok. You can throw whatever you want in there and it will turn out alright.
Olli
Profile Blog Joined February 2012
Austria24422 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-02-08 10:24:03
February 08 2013 10:23 GMT
#8385
On February 08 2013 19:17 llIH wrote:
Show nested quote +
On February 08 2013 19:14 DarkLordOlli wrote:
On February 08 2013 19:13 llIH wrote:
Are there any fast zealot charge strategies that are good? I'm practicing protoss at the moment. I'm just curious if anyone here knows if it works.


What matchup do you mean?


I mean any. Does it work against any race?


Lol, did you switch to protoss because of zealot charge?
If you like having chargelots everywhere I recommend HerO's lategame PvZ. Although that might be one of the hardest things to play in SC2.
Administrator"Declaring anything a disaster because aLive popped up out of nowhere is just downright silly."
llIH
Profile Joined June 2011
Norway2147 Posts
February 08 2013 10:31 GMT
#8386
I am not switching. I am just playing random now. And I realized I don't know a lot about protoss. From a protoss player's point of view at least.
I just got curious about if a zealot charge rush is possible? As in researching for charge early in the game.
Teoita
Profile Blog Joined January 2011
Italy12246 Posts
February 08 2013 10:34 GMT
#8387
Nop it's terrible. In PvP and PvT you'll never bust up a ramp, and one base allins are god awful in PvZ overall. Also, roaches destroy zealots anyway.
ModeratorProtoss all-ins are like a wok. You can throw whatever you want in there and it will turn out alright.
Olli
Profile Blog Joined February 2012
Austria24422 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-02-08 10:35:30
February 08 2013 10:34 GMT
#8388
On February 08 2013 19:31 llIH wrote:
I am not switching. I am just playing random now. And I realized I don't know a lot about protoss. From a protoss player's point of view at least.
I just got curious about if a zealot charge rush is possible? As in researching for charge early in the game.


Only case I can think of is a PvP chargelot archon all in of two bases but you pretty much only do that reactively if your opponent would otherwise get too far ahead in colossus count.
Administrator"Declaring anything a disaster because aLive popped up out of nowhere is just downright silly."
llIH
Profile Joined June 2011
Norway2147 Posts
February 08 2013 10:38 GMT
#8389
Ok thank you both for your replies.
Olli
Profile Blog Joined February 2012
Austria24422 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-02-08 10:42:30
February 08 2013 10:41 GMT
#8390
On February 08 2013 19:38 llIH wrote:
Ok thank you both for your replies.


There is however the most wonky PvZ build in the world that opens with double stargate +1 void rays before warpgate into 9 gate chargelot/archon macro midgame. There's a guide on TL somewhere and zergs just melt to it like flies, can't believe how many games I've won with it against arguably better players.
Insanely fun build if you wanna try it. I'll try to find it later today when I get home.
Administrator"Declaring anything a disaster because aLive popped up out of nowhere is just downright silly."
llIH
Profile Joined June 2011
Norway2147 Posts
February 08 2013 10:43 GMT
#8391
On February 08 2013 19:41 DarkLordOlli wrote:
Show nested quote +
On February 08 2013 19:38 llIH wrote:
Ok thank you both for your replies.


There is however the most wonky PvZ build in the world that opens with double stargate +1 void rays before warpgate into 9 gate chargelot/archon macro midgame. There's a guide on TL somewhere and zergs just melt to it like flies, can't believe how many games I've won with it against arguably better players.
Insanely fun build if you wanna try it. I'll try to find it later today when I get home.


That sounds like a much better build yes. I'm looking forward to your post. Thanks!
Olli
Profile Blog Joined February 2012
Austria24422 Posts
February 08 2013 10:50 GMT
#8392
http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=296769

was actually really easy to find, lol. GLHF!
Administrator"Declaring anything a disaster because aLive popped up out of nowhere is just downright silly."
llIH
Profile Joined June 2011
Norway2147 Posts
February 08 2013 10:54 GMT
#8393
On February 08 2013 19:50 DarkLordOlli wrote:
http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=296769

was actually really easy to find, lol. GLHF!


Awesome. Thanks again!
Gumbi
Profile Joined June 2012
Ireland463 Posts
February 08 2013 15:06 GMT
#8394
On February 08 2013 17:55 Teoita wrote:
Ah so it's basically the 2gate robo immortal bust. It really doesn't have much to do with the Terran going CC first, it works vs 1rax fe too. Additionally, Naniwa (usually) doesn't probe scout, so i doubt he could have seen the CC first and reacted with that build.

Also, you are NOT behind a Terran going CC first with 1gate FE. The difference in income and worker count between 1rax FE and CC first isn't all that big.

I dunno, that depends on what kind of 1 Gate expand you go for. Standard 1 Gate expands put Toss economically slightly behind Terran.
ZeromuS
Profile Blog Joined October 2010
Canada13406 Posts
February 08 2013 16:23 GMT
#8395
On February 09 2013 00:06 Gumbi wrote:
Show nested quote +
On February 08 2013 17:55 Teoita wrote:
Ah so it's basically the 2gate robo immortal bust. It really doesn't have much to do with the Terran going CC first, it works vs 1rax fe too. Additionally, Naniwa (usually) doesn't probe scout, so i doubt he could have seen the CC first and reacted with that build.

Also, you are NOT behind a Terran going CC first with 1gate FE. The difference in income and worker count between 1rax FE and CC first isn't all that big.

I dunno, that depends on what kind of 1 Gate expand you go for. Standard 1 Gate expands put Toss economically slightly behind Terran.


Any time the other person makes their nex/oc/hatch before you, you will *technically* be behind in economy. But the difference is so small if you go zealot/stalker/27nexus you will be more than fine against non gas openings. If you go for the MC 1 gate FE in its safest iteration (zealot/stalker/stalker/30nexus/30gas/30gate/30gate/30robo) then you will be a little behind 1 rax FE just because you cut probes for so so long. This won't make much of a difference below masters though.

Also, teo's point is that 1 rax FE compared to CC first the econ difference is minimal so that a standard 1 gate FE will be fine against either.
StrategyRTS forever | @ZeromuS_plays | www.twitch.tv/Zeromus_
JCKE
Profile Joined July 2008
United States52 Posts
February 08 2013 18:31 GMT
#8396
On February 08 2013 19:50 DarkLordOlli wrote:
http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=296769

was actually really easy to find, lol. GLHF!


I think this build is obsolete by now. Just a quick read from that thread's OP: "Once you reach 4 Colossus and if you retained your Archons + Void Rays, move out. This attack has SOOO much DPS, and should occur at about 18 minutes."

If you attack the zerg at 18mins, you'll probably be facing a huge infestor/BL/corruptor army with lots of spine support.


That said.. I open double stargate into macro mode in all of my PvZ games. I'm trying to find a good replay for you, but I'm noticing that a ton of zergs just try to cheese me.
Grandmaster Protoss || www.twitch.tv/hartacus || http://sc2ranks.com/us/2551547/JCKE
Olli
Profile Blog Joined February 2012
Austria24422 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-02-08 18:38:09
February 08 2013 18:36 GMT
#8397
On February 09 2013 03:31 JCKE wrote:
Show nested quote +
On February 08 2013 19:50 DarkLordOlli wrote:
http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=296769

was actually really easy to find, lol. GLHF!


I think this build is obsolete by now. Just a quick read from that thread's OP: "Once you reach 4 Colossus and if you retained your Archons + Void Rays, move out. This attack has SOOO much DPS, and should occur at about 18 minutes."

If you attack the zerg at 18mins, you'll probably be facing a huge infestor/BL/corruptor army with lots of spine support.


That said.. I open double stargate into macro mode in all of my PvZ games. I'm trying to find a good replay for you, but I'm noticing that a ton of zergs just try to cheese me.


The build isn't obsolete. Zerg can't just go turtle infestor/BL if you play this build well. They need to commit heavily to a ground army at first to hold your initial pressure. Say roach/infestor/roach hydra. That takes a lot of supply and will give you an incredibly strong pre-BL timing.
Zerg can't play standard vs this because you're going completely nuts. What you can do however, if you see that they're trying to go into BL, is to resume void ray production. You already got the upgrades started and with the recent IT nerf corruptors alone shouldn't cut it. Also fleet beacon is never far away + you already have templar tech. You're going into lategame with a unit composition as good as any.
Administrator"Declaring anything a disaster because aLive popped up out of nowhere is just downright silly."
JCKE
Profile Joined July 2008
United States52 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-02-08 19:11:54
February 08 2013 19:08 GMT
#8398
On February 09 2013 03:36 DarkLordOlli wrote:
Show nested quote +
On February 09 2013 03:31 JCKE wrote:
On February 08 2013 19:50 DarkLordOlli wrote:
http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=296769

was actually really easy to find, lol. GLHF!


I think this build is obsolete by now. Just a quick read from that thread's OP: "Once you reach 4 Colossus and if you retained your Archons + Void Rays, move out. This attack has SOOO much DPS, and should occur at about 18 minutes."

If you attack the zerg at 18mins, you'll probably be facing a huge infestor/BL/corruptor army with lots of spine support.


That said.. I open double stargate into macro mode in all of my PvZ games. I'm trying to find a good replay for you, but I'm noticing that a ton of zergs just try to cheese me.


The build isn't obsolete. Zerg can't just go turtle infestor/BL if you play this build well. They need to commit heavily to a ground army at first to hold your initial pressure. Say roach/infestor/roach hydra. That takes a lot of supply and will give you an incredibly strong pre-BL timing.
Zerg can't play standard vs this because you're going completely nuts. What you can do however, if you see that they're trying to go into BL, is to resume void ray production. You already got the upgrades started and with the recent IT nerf corruptors alone shouldn't cut it. Also fleet beacon is never far away + you already have templar tech. You're going into lategame with a unit composition as good as any.


If you continue VR production early on, then I think it might work. But you're ignoring how much the protoss will need to commit in order to defend that roach/hydra attack. I can't find the guide's robo timing, but since it's rushing to get charge, upgrades, archons, and VRs, I can't imagine the protoss being able to get a colo out before the zerg hits a timing attack with roach/hydras. Even if the protoss is able to get a colo out by then, I'd be curious how he'd defend without much sentry support.

I feel like the guide underestimates the roach/hydra timing attack. It might be because the guide is over a year old and zergs have gotten better at this attack.


Also, the reason I say that the guide is no longer viable is because timings have changed. Zergs mass spines and rush to BL asap on the first opportunity they get. And while the build is very strong vs ling/infestor and maybe ling/infestor/corruptor, it's very weak vs roach/hydra. You need a better reaction than "If you decide to engage, your job is essentially to spread out, get as much surface area as possible and let him worry about managing the fight."
Grandmaster Protoss || www.twitch.tv/hartacus || http://sc2ranks.com/us/2551547/JCKE
Gumbi
Profile Joined June 2012
Ireland463 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-02-08 19:10:54
February 08 2013 19:08 GMT
#8399
On February 09 2013 01:23 ZeromuS wrote:
Show nested quote +
On February 09 2013 00:06 Gumbi wrote:
On February 08 2013 17:55 Teoita wrote:
Ah so it's basically the 2gate robo immortal bust. It really doesn't have much to do with the Terran going CC first, it works vs 1rax fe too. Additionally, Naniwa (usually) doesn't probe scout, so i doubt he could have seen the CC first and reacted with that build.

Also, you are NOT behind a Terran going CC first with 1gate FE. The difference in income and worker count between 1rax FE and CC first isn't all that big.

I dunno, that depends on what kind of 1 Gate expand you go for. Standard 1 Gate expands put Toss economically slightly behind Terran.


Any time the other person makes their nex/oc/hatch before you, you will *technically* be behind in economy. But the difference is so small if you go zealot/stalker/27nexus you will be more than fine against non gas openings. If you go for the MC 1 gate FE in its safest iteration (zealot/stalker/stalker/30nexus/30gas/30gate/30gate/30robo) then you will be a little behind 1 rax FE just because you cut probes for so so long. This won't make much of a difference below masters though.

Also, teo's point is that 1 rax FE compared to CC first the econ difference is minimal so that a standard 1 gate FE will be fine against either.

I know, I'm just saying, MC's one is basically obsolete as it's too safe. The more you cut early game vs Terran, the harder their Medivac timings will hit you. I really like Naniwa's vs T style. He has many, varied, reasonably greedy vs Terran openings, with Gateway units and chronoes balanced out very nicely, and a cool scout-less style.

I would never Gate Core Zealot Stalker 13 scout expand vs Terran. It's way too safe. It's possible to be a lot greedier and still be safe against everything. Maybe cut the Zealot (based on the SCV scout timing, or lack thereof), scout after Core/second Pylon. Terran's drop their cc at around 3 mins, and can get away without scouting early. It would hurt my brain to play 13 scout, zealot stalker expand at 4.45 vs that when I know I can get an earlier expansion (and still be as safe). In fact, I play A LOT greedier than this on NA server recently, and it's working out quite well. 3 Chronoes on Nexus, 13 Gate, rally 17th Probe for gas, use this Probe to make Nexus and Pylon at nat, and scout Terran nat with this Probe and adapt accordingly, This build is suuuper greedy. I love it

Of course, I am speaking of Master's or higher, this would not be advice for lower leagues.
JCKE
Profile Joined July 2008
United States52 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-02-08 19:12:08
February 08 2013 19:09 GMT
#8400
/e.. sorry.. double post.
Grandmaster Protoss || www.twitch.tv/hartacus || http://sc2ranks.com/us/2551547/JCKE
Prev 1 418 419 420 421 422 432 Next
Please log in or register to reply.
Live Events Refresh
Wardi Open
11:00
#82
WardiTV817
OGKoka 352
Rex113
Liquipedia
Afreeca Starleague
10:00
Ro16 Group A
Soma vs YSC
Sharp vs sSak
Afreeca ASL 13360
StarCastTV_EN343
Liquipedia
[ Submit Event ]
Live Streams
Refresh
StarCraft 2
OGKoka 352
Lowko299
ProTech130
Rex 113
Codebar 22
LamboSC2 1
StarCraft: Brood War
Sea 23185
Calm 15877
Bisu 8332
Jaedong 3173
Horang2 1961
BeSt 1122
EffOrt 885
Mini 713
Stork 581
firebathero 527
[ Show more ]
Light 460
Zeus 385
Pusan 376
actioN 353
ZerO 234
Soulkey 227
Hyun 164
Larva 147
Mind 92
Rush 82
Killer 68
ToSsGirL 57
Barracks 48
yabsab 37
zelot 26
Nal_rA 24
soO 18
[sc1f]eonzerg 17
Movie 17
Shinee 16
Terrorterran 15
Hm[arnc] 14
GoRush 13
scan(afreeca) 13
IntoTheRainbow 12
SilentControl 11
Sacsri 10
Noble 10
Bale 10
Icarus 8
Dota 2
qojqva1103
syndereN84
febbydoto13
Counter-Strike
olofmeister3496
fl0m2649
x6flipin430
byalli375
markeloff93
Other Games
singsing1961
B2W.Neo962
hiko703
crisheroes303
Pyrionflax175
Liquid`LucifroN101
Liquid`VortiX93
QueenE78
KnowMe64
RotterdaM40
Mew2King39
Organizations
Other Games
BasetradeTV760
Counter-Strike
PGL323
StarCraft: Brood War
UltimateBattle 311
StarCraft 2
Blizzard YouTube
StarCraft: Brood War
BSLTrovo
sctven
[ Show 14 non-featured ]
StarCraft 2
• StrangeGG 62
• AfreecaTV YouTube
• intothetv
• Kozan
• IndyKCrew
• LaughNgamezSOOP
• Migwel
• sooper7s
StarCraft: Brood War
• BSLYoutube
• STPLYoutube
• ZZZeroYoutube
League of Legends
• Nemesis3082
• TFBlade1374
• Stunt587
Upcoming Events
Monday Night Weeklies
2h 26m
OSC
10h 26m
Afreeca Starleague
20h 26m
Snow vs PianO
hero vs Rain
WardiTV Map Contest Tou…
20h 26m
GSL
22h 26m
PiGosaur Cup
1d 10h
CranKy Ducklings
1d 19h
Kung Fu Cup
1d 22h
Replay Cast
2 days
The PondCast
2 days
[ Show More ]
WardiTV Map Contest Tou…
2 days
Replay Cast
3 days
Escore
3 days
WardiTV Map Contest Tou…
3 days
Korean StarCraft League
4 days
CranKy Ducklings
4 days
WardiTV Map Contest Tou…
4 days
IPSL
5 days
WolFix vs nOmaD
dxtr13 vs Razz
BSL
5 days
Sparkling Tuna Cup
5 days
WardiTV Map Contest Tou…
5 days
Ladder Legends
6 days
BSL
6 days
IPSL
6 days
JDConan vs TBD
Aegong vs rasowy
Replay Cast
6 days
Replay Cast
6 days
Wardi Open
6 days
Afreeca Starleague
6 days
Bisu vs Ample
Jaedong vs Flash
Liquipedia Results

Completed

Escore Tournament S2: W2
RSL Revival: Season 4
NationLESS Cup

Ongoing

BSL Season 22
ASL Season 21
CSL 2026 SPRING (S20)
IPSL Spring 2026
StarCraft2 Community Team League 2026 Spring
Nations Cup 2026
PGL Bucharest 2026
Stake Ranked Episode 1
BLAST Open Spring 2026
ESL Pro League S23 Finals
ESL Pro League S23 Stage 1&2
PGL Cluj-Napoca 2026
IEM Kraków 2026

Upcoming

Escore Tournament S2: W3
Acropolis #4
BSL 22 Non-Korean Championship
CSLAN 4
Kung Fu Cup 2026 Grand Finals
HSC XXIX
uThermal 2v2 2026 Main Event
RSL Revival: Season 5
WardiTV TLMC #16
IEM Cologne Major 2026
Stake Ranked Episode 2
CS Asia Championships 2026
Asian Champions League 2026
IEM Atlanta 2026
PGL Astana 2026
BLAST Rivals Spring 2026
CCT Season 3 Global Finals
IEM Rio 2026
TLPD

1. ByuN
2. TY
3. Dark
4. Solar
5. Stats
6. Nerchio
7. sOs
8. soO
9. INnoVation
10. Elazer
1. Rain
2. Flash
3. EffOrt
4. Last
5. Bisu
6. Soulkey
7. Mini
8. Sharp
Sidebar Settings...

Advertising | Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Contact Us

Original banner artwork: Jim Warren
The contents of this webpage are copyright © 2026 TLnet. All Rights Reserved.