• Log InLog In
  • Register
Liquid`
Team Liquid Liquipedia
EDT 21:21
CEST 03:21
KST 10:21
  • Home
  • Forum
  • Calendar
  • Streams
  • Liquipedia
  • Features
  • Store
  • EPT
  • TL+
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Smash
  • Heroes
  • Counter-Strike
  • Overwatch
  • Liquibet
  • Fantasy StarCraft
  • TLPD
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Blogs
Forum Sidebar
Events/Features
News
Featured News
[ASL19] Finals Recap: Standing Tall5HomeStory Cup 27 - Info & Preview18Classic wins Code S Season 2 (2025)16Code S RO4 & Finals Preview: herO, Rogue, Classic, GuMiho0TL Team Map Contest #5: Presented by Monster Energy6
Community News
Flash Announces Hiatus From ASL38Weekly Cups (June 23-29): Reynor in world title form?12FEL Cracov 2025 (July 27) - $8000 live event16Esports World Cup 2025 - Final Player Roster14Weekly Cups (June 16-22): Clem strikes back1
StarCraft 2
General
The SCII GOAT: A statistical Evaluation Weekly Cups (June 23-29): Reynor in world title form? StarCraft Mass Recall: SC1 campaigns on SC2 thread How does the number of casters affect your enjoyment of esports? Esports World Cup 2025 - Final Player Roster
Tourneys
$5,100+ SEL Season 2 Championship (SC: Evo) FEL Cracov 2025 (July 27) - $8000 live event HomeStory Cup 27 (June 27-29) WardiTV Mondays SOOPer7s Showmatches 2025
Strategy
How did i lose this ZvP, whats the proper response Simple Questions Simple Answers
Custom Maps
[UMS] Zillion Zerglings
External Content
Mutation # 480 Moths to the Flame Mutation # 479 Worn Out Welcome Mutation # 478 Instant Karma Mutation # 477 Slow and Steady
Brood War
General
Help: rep cant save Flash Announces Hiatus From ASL BGH Auto Balance -> http://bghmmr.eu/ [ASL19] Finals Recap: Standing Tall Where did Hovz go?
Tourneys
[Megathread] Daily Proleagues [BSL20] GosuLeague RO16 - Tue & Wed 20:00+CET The Casual Games of the Week Thread [BSL20] ProLeague LB Final - Saturday 20:00 CET
Strategy
Simple Questions, Simple Answers I am doing this better than progamers do.
Other Games
General Games
Stormgate/Frost Giant Megathread Nintendo Switch Thread Path of Exile What do you want from future RTS games? Beyond All Reason
Dota 2
Official 'what is Dota anymore' discussion
League of Legends
Heroes of the Storm
Simple Questions, Simple Answers Heroes of the Storm 2.0
Hearthstone
Heroes of StarCraft mini-set
TL Mafia
TL Mafia Community Thread Vanilla Mini Mafia
Community
General
Things Aren’t Peaceful in Palestine Trading/Investing Thread US Politics Mega-thread The Games Industry And ATVI Stop Killing Games - European Citizens Initiative
Fan Clubs
SKT1 Classic Fan Club! Maru Fan Club
Media & Entertainment
Anime Discussion Thread [Manga] One Piece [\m/] Heavy Metal Thread Korean Music Discussion
Sports
2024 - 2025 Football Thread NBA General Discussion Formula 1 Discussion TeamLiquid Health and Fitness Initiative For 2023 NHL Playoffs 2024
World Cup 2022
Tech Support
Computer Build, Upgrade & Buying Resource Thread
TL Community
The Automated Ban List
Blogs
from making sc maps to makin…
Husyelt
Blog #2
tankgirl
Game Sound vs. Music: The Im…
TrAiDoS
StarCraft improvement
iopq
Heero Yuy & the Tax…
KrillinFromwales
Trip to the Zoo
micronesia
Customize Sidebar...

Website Feedback

Closed Threads



Active: 594 users

So my city banned plastic grocery bags..

Blogs > MarlieChurphy
Post a Reply
1 2 3 4 5 Next All
MarlieChurphy
Profile Blog Joined January 2013
United States2063 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-11-13 01:17:13
November 13 2013 01:10 GMT
#1
http://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov/residents/green_city/reusable-bag-ordinance/

In March 2013, the City Council approved the Reusable Bag Ordinance, which seeks to reduce the likelihood that single-use plastic carryout bags will enter the environment and thereby improve the aesthetics of the City's beaches, parks, and other public spaces. The Ordinance prohibits the distribution of plastic carryout bags in commercial point of sale purchases within the City of Huntington Beach and establishes a 10 cent charge on the issuance of recyclable paper carryout bags at all grocery stores, supermarkets, drug stores, pharmacies, convenience stores, food marts and farmer's markets. Please see below for answers to the most common questions regarding the Reusable Bag Ordinance.
Photo of reusable bag

When does the Reusable Bag Ordinance take effect?

Implementation of the Ordinance becomes official on Friday, November 1, 2013, and affected retail stores as described below are required to comply with the provisions of the Ordinance prohibiting the distribution of single-use plastic carryout bags.
What stores must comply with the Reusable Bag Ordinance?

The following retail establishments located within the boundaries of the City of Huntington Beach that fall into any of the following categories:

The Reusable Bag Ordinance initiates a community-wide shift from the use of plastic and paper carryout bags and promotes the use of reusable bags for retail customers in Huntington Beach therefore protecting our beaches and oceans

Full-line, self-service retail: A store with gross annual sales of two million dollars ($2,000,000), or more, that sells a line of dry grocery, canned goods, or nonfood items and some perishable items (i.e. Wal-Mart, Home Depot, Target);
Large Retail Store: A store of at least ten thousand (10,000) square feet of retail space that generates sales or use tax pursuant to the Reusable Bag Ordinance and has a licensed pharmacy; or
Drug stores, pharmacies, supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience food stores, food marts, or other entities engaged in the retail sale of a limited line of goods that includes milk, bread, soda and snack foods, including those stores with a Type 20 or 21 license issued by the Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control (i.e. CVS, Walgreens, Rite Aid, Albertsons, Ralphs, Vons, 7-11 and other convenience or liquor stores).


Earlier this year they were trying to ban the firepits at the beach as well, because of pollution etc. Which was shot down because it's a big tourist money maker, amongst other things.

Couple of thoughts immediately came to mind. Namely money being the bottom line. And who lobbied for this change (which I haven't researched into yet, but would wager that it was big businesses).

I would be interested to see the change in a year's time. All the pros and cons. I bet they are about the same if not worse.


In my experience, 90% of people I know save the grocery bags for little trash cans, or random usages. Which fits very fine in the recycle, reduce, reuse methodology we were all taught growing up.
And still after then, it is disposed of into trash or recycle cans that everyone in the city has. There are even receptacles in front of almost every grocery store specifically designated for grocery bag recycle. One grocery store even has a couple benches out front made from entirely recycled grocery bags.


Stores are going to make more money off people who forget their bags or whatever. Or lines will be held up because people forgot them in the car.


Most importantly, People are not going to have the excess bags laying around their house anymore and are going to need to buy little trash bags to use for their little trash cans now. Ie; about the same amount of plastic waste and the charge is now on the consumer rather than the corporations. I think the whole thing is a fucking sham under disguise of helping the environment.



What do you guys think about stuff like this? Has anything like this happened in your city?

**
RIP SPOR 11/24/11 NEVAR FORGET
Roe
Profile Blog Joined June 2010
Canada6002 Posts
November 13 2013 01:15 GMT
#2
fire pits are a tourist attraction? what kind of post-apocalyptic fetish is that
MarlieChurphy
Profile Blog Joined January 2013
United States2063 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-11-13 01:31:31
November 13 2013 01:18 GMT
#3
On November 13 2013 10:15 Roe wrote:
fire pits are a tourist attraction? what kind of post-apocalyptic fetish is that

In orange county/southern california. Many people from inland areas make weekend trips etc here to the beach to have parties or birthdays etc. The firepits offer them a place to cook or be warm in the cold beach air into the night. Gathering around a fire is as old as time in terms of human bonding.

The concerns were first brought up from rich idiots who payed lots of money to buy expensive beach houses who don't like people coming here and trashing up their beach and having smoke billowing towards their homes all the time. They are fucking dumb for buying a house there and not expecting this imho. And these shitty people who come and trash the beach are a small cost compared to the money netted from those people coming here in the first place.

Side note, there was a riot here during the last US open which probably cost (guessing all overhead costs and damages) about 10-15 thousand dollars. This wasn't even a fraction of the money earned from all the tourists even for a couple hours. And people were making a huge deal about it, like they should ban the US open or just general bigotry towards 'non locals', '909ers', and 'IEers (inland empire)'. The ironic thing too, was that at least half of the people caught were from 714 area code, and a couple actually from HB itself.
RIP SPOR 11/24/11 NEVAR FORGET
LaNague
Profile Blog Joined April 2010
Germany9118 Posts
November 13 2013 01:20 GMT
#4
plastic from coastal regions into the oceans is a huge problem.

You might laugh about it, but those plastic bags do a lot of harm.
Juliette
Profile Blog Joined September 2010
United States6003 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-11-13 01:23:47
November 13 2013 01:23 GMT
#5
as a resident of the area banning firepits is so dumb wtf that's half the reason to go to the beach

i guess HB people are gonna have to go a city over for (plastic) bags...
OKAY FROM THAT PERSPECTIVE I SEE WHAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT
MarlieChurphy
Profile Blog Joined January 2013
United States2063 Posts
November 13 2013 01:25 GMT
#6
On November 13 2013 10:20 LaNague wrote:
plastic from coastal regions into the oceans is a huge problem.

You might laugh about it, but those plastic bags do a lot of harm.


I understand the huge problem of the plastic in the ocean and all the Great pacific garbage patch stuff etc. But this isn't going to do anything at all. It's just a way for big companies to deflect cost to consumers by making them pay 10c per bag, making them buy more expensive reusable bags, or charge them for small trash bags (as I mentioned most people use these bags for little trash cans).
RIP SPOR 11/24/11 NEVAR FORGET
Roe
Profile Blog Joined June 2010
Canada6002 Posts
November 13 2013 01:25 GMT
#7
Fire pits just reminds me of trailer trash/suburb kids/douches
MarlieChurphy
Profile Blog Joined January 2013
United States2063 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-11-13 01:27:49
November 13 2013 01:27 GMT
#8
On November 13 2013 10:23 Juliette wrote:
as a resident of the area banning firepits is so dumb wtf that's half the reason to go to the beach

i guess HB people are gonna have to go a city over for (plastic) bags...


Yea, It got banned in Newport beach and HB was supposed to follow suit, but I knew it wouldn't happen. NP is more snobby.


And yea that is a great point as well, people on the borders of the city are now going to take their business and taxes to the next city over instead of HB because then they don't have to worry about bags.

Also, the fact that the bags are not going to be uniform or easily accessed from cashiers/baggers is going to slow lines down a bit at the checkouts.
RIP SPOR 11/24/11 NEVAR FORGET
MarlieChurphy
Profile Blog Joined January 2013
United States2063 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-11-13 01:52:04
November 13 2013 01:47 GMT
#9
Assuming you don't recycle bags, it's probably an average of 1.25$ per visit per month per family. So let's say 15 bucks a year. Population is about 195k people, divide by 3 (avg family size) and you get 65,000 x 15$ = $975,000, which is almost a million dollars the people of HB could/would be paying instead of the companies. Not even taking into account all the 16million visitors a year, and all the small trash bag sales that will inevitably result from this


Ignoring the money thing. There are probably hundreds/thousands of bad apples that fuck up the beaches etc. and you shouldn't punish the entire population based on those fuckups. I don't think a single person I know has ever thrown a plastic bag anywhere but the trash/recycle.

And, while I agree that plastics in landfills or whatever is a problem, this is like putting a bandaid on a broken arm. The issue deeper than this surface level nonsense.
RIP SPOR 11/24/11 NEVAR FORGET
Firnafth
Profile Joined January 2013
United States20 Posts
November 13 2013 01:50 GMT
#10
I live in a city that does this to at least some degree.

It's not that bad IMO. I always took in way more grocery bags than I ever used for trash. The bags would accumulate over time. Now I just use the cloth bags and I'm pretty sure my plastic bag consumption is substantially reduced overall. Yes, it costs me slightly more because I have to buy garbage bags, but I find the expense to be negligible. I don't know if this is good or bad for the stores, but I don't really care much either way.
MarlieChurphy
Profile Blog Joined January 2013
United States2063 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-11-13 02:04:02
November 13 2013 01:56 GMT
#11
On November 13 2013 10:50 Firnafth wrote:
I live in a city that does this to at least some degree.

It's not that bad IMO. I always took in way more grocery bags than I ever used for trash. The bags would accumulate over time. Now I just use the cloth bags and I'm pretty sure my plastic bag consumption is substantially reduced overall. Yes, it costs me slightly more because I have to buy garbage bags, but I find the expense to be negligible. I don't know if this is good or bad for the stores, but I don't really care much either way.

What city do you live in? How long has this been in effect?


BoT, Alternative solutions?

The city should just pay people to clean up the beaches instead; out of a tax from companies that use plastic bags in our city. I would take that job, considering that I need one at the moment.

Or better yet, which will never happen, US gov't force mandate for all companies to use biodegradable bags without passing the cost onto consumers directly.
RIP SPOR 11/24/11 NEVAR FORGET
IgnE
Profile Joined November 2010
United States7681 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-11-13 02:19:39
November 13 2013 02:18 GMT
#12
I think you are vastly overestimating how many people reuse the plastic bags. If you grocery shop every week for a family of four there's no possible way you can use all those bags up. Especially when people ask for "double bags" because they don't think the bags are strong enough.

I also think you are vastly overestimating the cost savings to "big companies" who "don't want to pay for plastic bags." Your rage is misplaced.
The unrealistic sound of these propositions is indicative, not of their utopian character, but of the strength of the forces which prevent their realization.
MayorITC
Profile Blog Joined October 2008
Korea (South)798 Posts
November 13 2013 02:19 GMT
#13
Already happened in NorCal since the beginning of the year.

I always forget to bring a grocery bag with me so I end up paying an additional 20 cents. I also swear to myself that I'll remember to bring a bag the next time, which I promptly forget.
AlexJen
Profile Blog Joined September 2013
United States37 Posts
November 13 2013 02:29 GMT
#14
Nothing has happened in SoCal. They tried banning fire pits in a specific beach, can't remember which one, but they didn't go through with it.
"All men are created equal some work hard in preseason"
pebble444
Profile Blog Joined March 2011
Italy2497 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-11-13 02:38:52
November 13 2013 02:37 GMT
#15
Plastic bags have been obsolete in this country since 2011. As a substitute, the sell you bags in a similar plastic style, but made from corn, 100% biodegradable. Small groceries shops and small shops still use them and 90% of time they are not sold.

This substitute is of material that breaks very easily. I wish they had paper bags everywhere, american-style. I don' t care which system pollutes less, tbh, anything less would be hypercritical unless you are directly involved in creating more substainable life. I just want them paper bags

Edit: Most people (myself included) always bring a bag to shop. Anything less is disorganazation and lazyness. good shooping
"Awaken my Child, and embrace the Glory that is your Birthright"
MarlieChurphy
Profile Blog Joined January 2013
United States2063 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-11-13 02:56:18
November 13 2013 02:41 GMT
#16
On November 13 2013 11:18 IgnE wrote:
I think you are vastly overestimating how many people reuse the plastic bags. If you grocery shop every week for a family of four there's no possible way you can use all those bags up. Especially when people ask for "double bags" because they don't think the bags are strong enough.

I also think you are vastly overestimating the cost savings to "big companies" who "don't want to pay for plastic bags." Your rage is misplaced.


We manage to keep a stockpile of bags and I use them constantly for bathroom trashbags as well as my room. And if we ever want to give away fruit from our trees or need a bag, we got one. Most people I know, also do the same things with their bags as almost everyone has a place where they keep old grocery bags, it's almost weird if someone doesn't these days. I would say the average house has anywhere from 15-50 bags saved at any given time.

Since my estimates are close to about a million a year here (not counting visitor sales or small trash bag sales increase) in just this one city alone, imagine what the cost saved could be over the entire country if they followed suit. And I think you underestimating the bottom line for big companies. There is a documentary on wal-mart that is relevant to this. There is also a movie called 'the corporation' among numerous other documentaries (I can't remember the names right now. + Show Spoiler +
One had emphasis on how shopping works economically with animations and stuff. IIRC, found on TL, pretty good.
). It's not unreasonable to assume big companies are trying to profit any way they can and reduce cost and loss any way they can. The only time the line is drawn, is when the action created to reduce costs has a diminishing return by creating irate costumers which will lose the company business.


On November 13 2013 11:29 tognix wrote:
Nothing has happened in SoCal. They tried banning fire pits in a specific beach, can't remember which one, but they didn't go through with it.

Clearly read the thread.
RIP SPOR 11/24/11 NEVAR FORGET
rkshox
Profile Blog Joined November 2011
Taiwan536 Posts
November 13 2013 02:41 GMT
#17
If I had to guess, this is a research project of some sort? I actually did a study about the usage and recycling of plastic bags about 4 years ago back when I was in college. I honestly cannot remember too much, but if you need some information, feel free to PM me!

As for the plastic bag ban, a lot of major cities in Eastern Asia have already banned plastic bags and grocery stores, convenient stores, drug stores, etc make you pay a fee if you need a plastic bag.

In Taipei, Taiwan, the plastic bag ban has been around for at least 5-6 years. In the beginning, I noticed a lot of people still bought the plastic bags because back then, the cloth bags were not as popular as they are now. As time went on, more and more people, mostly women because they have purses, walk around with reusable bags.

However, if you're familiar with Taiwan, there are a lot of small privately owned shops that do not really follow this rule. Mostly chain stores like Watsons, 7-11, Wellcome, and Carrefour charge for plastic bags.

I know one thing is for sure, not many places recycle plastic bags. The apartment complex that I live in recycles them, but I do not really see any plastic bag recycling bins near grocery stores, or anywhere to be honest.

I am also in Hong Kong very often and I have noticed that major chain stores also charge for plastic bags. Not sure how long the law has been around though.
@ranleee /// "first we expand, then we defense it'
EJK
Profile Blog Joined September 2013
United States1302 Posts
November 13 2013 02:48 GMT
#18
its for the environment, not for money
Sc2 Terran Coach, top 16GM NA - interested in coaching? Message me on teamliquid!
MarlieChurphy
Profile Blog Joined January 2013
United States2063 Posts
November 13 2013 02:49 GMT
#19
On November 13 2013 11:41 rkshox wrote:
If I had to guess, this is a research project of some sort? I actually did a study about the usage and recycling of plastic bags about 4 years ago back when I was in college. I honestly cannot remember too much, but if you need some information, feel free to PM me!

As for the plastic bag ban, a lot of major cities in Eastern Asia have already banned plastic bags and grocery stores, convenient stores, drug stores, etc make you pay a fee if you need a plastic bag.

In Taipei, Taiwan, the plastic bag ban has been around for at least 5-6 years. In the beginning, I noticed a lot of people still bought the plastic bags because back then, the cloth bags were not as popular as they are now. As time went on, more and more people, mostly women because they have purses, walk around with reusable bags.

However, if you're familiar with Taiwan, there are a lot of small privately owned shops that do not really follow this rule. Mostly chain stores like Watsons, 7-11, Wellcome, and Carrefour charge for plastic bags.

I know one thing is for sure, not many places recycle plastic bags. The apartment complex that I live in recycles them, but I do not really see any plastic bag recycling bins near grocery stores, or anywhere to be honest.

I am also in Hong Kong very often and I have noticed that major chain stores also charge for plastic bags. Not sure how long the law has been around though.



I know in India it is/was a huge problem as well. But in USA, the system was built in place that gives incentive to companies and people for recycling. A lot of big companies actually rely on their estimated recycle as part of their budgets every year. I can't recall exactly what it was, but I remember a story where a company was doing fraudulent shit based on this idea. They would like buy all the copper salvage or something and move it around constantly to keep their monopoly and keep their product limited etc.
RIP SPOR 11/24/11 NEVAR FORGET
MarlieChurphy
Profile Blog Joined January 2013
United States2063 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-11-13 02:52:17
November 13 2013 02:51 GMT
#20
On November 13 2013 11:48 Smurfett3 wrote:
its for the environment, not for money


It's like putting a bandaid on a broken arm.
This is not the solution. It's not even a step in the right direction, it's a step away from the core issue, which is another topic entirely.
RIP SPOR 11/24/11 NEVAR FORGET
1 2 3 4 5 Next All
Please log in or register to reply.
Live Events Refresh
Replay Cast
00:00
HSC 27: Groups A & B
CranKy Ducklings95
Liquipedia
OSC
20:00
Mid Season Playoffs
Gerald vs MojaLIVE!
ArT vs Jumy
Liquipedia
[ Submit Event ]
Live Streams
Refresh
StarCraft 2
RuFF_SC2 123
Nina 117
NeuroSwarm 110
Vindicta 68
CosmosSc2 57
StarCraft: Brood War
Artosis 839
Aegong 94
NaDa 45
Icarus 8
Dota 2
capcasts50
League of Legends
JimRising 625
Super Smash Bros
hungrybox709
Heroes of the Storm
Khaldor112
Other Games
summit1g10609
tarik_tv1967
Day[9].tv890
shahzam522
Maynarde164
monkeys_forever123
Mew2King53
Organizations
Other Games
gamesdonequick1440
StarCraft 2
Blizzard YouTube
StarCraft: Brood War
BSLTrovo
sctven
[ Show 17 non-featured ]
StarCraft 2
• Berry_CruncH253
• Hupsaiya 65
• davetesta51
• IndyKCrew
• sooper7s
• AfreecaTV YouTube
• Migwel
• intothetv
• LaughNgamezSOOP
• Kozan
StarCraft: Brood War
• STPLYoutube
• ZZZeroYoutube
• BSLYoutube
League of Legends
• Doublelift5266
• Jankos1472
• masondota2804
Other Games
• Day9tv890
Upcoming Events
The PondCast
8h 39m
RSL Revival
8h 39m
ByuN vs Classic
Clem vs Cham
WardiTV European League
14h 39m
Replay Cast
22h 39m
RSL Revival
1d 8h
herO vs SHIN
Reynor vs Cure
WardiTV European League
1d 14h
FEL
1d 14h
Korean StarCraft League
2 days
CranKy Ducklings
2 days
RSL Revival
2 days
[ Show More ]
FEL
2 days
Sparkling Tuna Cup
3 days
RSL Revival
3 days
FEL
3 days
BSL: ProLeague
3 days
Dewalt vs Bonyth
Replay Cast
4 days
Replay Cast
5 days
The PondCast
6 days
Replay Cast
6 days
Liquipedia Results

Completed

Proleague 2025-06-28
HSC XXVII
Heroes 10 EU

Ongoing

JPL Season 2
BSL 2v2 Season 3
BSL Season 20
Acropolis #3
KCM Race Survival 2025 Season 2
CSL 17: 2025 SUMMER
Copa Latinoamericana 4
Championship of Russia 2025
RSL Revival: Season 1
Murky Cup #2
BLAST.tv Austin Major 2025
ESL Impact League Season 7
IEM Dallas 2025
PGL Astana 2025
Asian Champions League '25
BLAST Rivals Spring 2025
MESA Nomadic Masters
CCT Season 2 Global Finals
IEM Melbourne 2025
YaLLa Compass Qatar 2025

Upcoming

CSLPRO Last Chance 2025
CSLPRO Chat StarLAN 3
K-Championship
uThermal 2v2 Main Event
SEL Season 2 Championship
FEL Cracov 2025
Esports World Cup 2025
StarSeries Fall 2025
FISSURE Playground #2
BLAST Open Fall 2025
BLAST Open Fall Qual
Esports World Cup 2025
BLAST Bounty Fall 2025
BLAST Bounty Fall Qual
IEM Cologne 2025
FISSURE Playground #1
TLPD

1. ByuN
2. TY
3. Dark
4. Solar
5. Stats
6. Nerchio
7. sOs
8. soO
9. INnoVation
10. Elazer
1. Rain
2. Flash
3. EffOrt
4. Last
5. Bisu
6. Soulkey
7. Mini
8. Sharp
Sidebar Settings...

Advertising | Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Contact Us

Original banner artwork: Jim Warren
The contents of this webpage are copyright © 2025 TLnet. All Rights Reserved.