• Log InLog In
  • Register
Liquid`
Team Liquid Liquipedia
EST 07:18
CET 13:18
KST 21:18
  • Home
  • Forum
  • Calendar
  • Streams
  • Liquipedia
  • Features
  • Store
  • EPT
  • TL+
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Smash
  • Heroes
  • Counter-Strike
  • Overwatch
  • Liquibet
  • Fantasy StarCraft
  • TLPD
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Blogs
Forum Sidebar
Events/Features
News
Featured News
Clem wins HomeStory Cup 282HomeStory Cup 28 - Info & Preview13Rongyi Cup S3 - Preview & Info3herO wins SC2 All-Star Invitational14SC2 All-Star Invitational: Tournament Preview5
Community News
Weekly Cups (Jan 26-Feb 1): herO, Clem, ByuN, Classic win2RSL Season 4 announced for March-April7Weekly Cups (Jan 19-25): Bunny, Trigger, MaxPax win3Weekly Cups (Jan 12-18): herO, MaxPax, Solar win0BSL Season 2025 - Full Overview and Conclusion8
StarCraft 2
General
HomeStory Cup 28 - Info & Preview Clem wins HomeStory Cup 28 Stellar Fest "01" Jersey Charity Auction StarCraft 2 Not at the Esports World Cup 2026 Weekly Cups (Jan 26-Feb 1): herO, Clem, ByuN, Classic win
Tourneys
HomeStory Cup 28 RSL Season 4 announced for March-April PIG STY FESTIVAL 7.0! (19 Feb - 1 Mar) StarCraft Evolution League (SC Evo Biweekly) $21,000 Rongyi Cup Season 3 announced (Jan 22-Feb 7)
Strategy
Custom Maps
[A] Starcraft Sound Mod
External Content
Mutation # 511 Temple of Rebirth The PondCast: SC2 News & Results Mutation # 510 Safety Violation Mutation # 509 Doomsday Report
Brood War
General
2024 BoxeR's birthday message Liquipedia.net NEEDS editors for Brood War BSL Season 21 - Complete Results Bleak Future After Failed ProGaming Career [ASL21] Potential Map Candidates
Tourneys
The Casual Games of the Week Thread [Megathread] Daily Proleagues Azhi's Colosseum - Season 2 Small VOD Thread 2.0
Strategy
Zealot bombing is no longer popular? Simple Questions, Simple Answers Current Meta Soma's 9 hatch build from ASL Game 2
Other Games
General Games
Battle Aces/David Kim RTS Megathread Nintendo Switch Thread Path of Exile Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Beyond All Reason
Dota 2
Official 'what is Dota anymore' discussion
League of Legends
Heroes of the Storm
Simple Questions, Simple Answers Heroes of the Storm 2.0
Hearthstone
Deck construction bug Heroes of StarCraft mini-set
TL Mafia
Mafia Game Mode Feedback/Ideas Vanilla Mini Mafia
Community
General
US Politics Mega-thread The Games Industry And ATVI Things Aren’t Peaceful in Palestine European Politico-economics QA Mega-thread Canadian Politics Mega-thread
Fan Clubs
The herO Fan Club! The IdrA Fan Club
Media & Entertainment
Anime Discussion Thread [Manga] One Piece
Sports
2024 - 2026 Football Thread
World Cup 2022
Tech Support
Quickbooks Payroll Service Official Guide Quickbooks Customer Service Official Guide
TL Community
The Automated Ban List
Blogs
Play, Watch, Drink: Esports …
TrAiDoS
My 2025 Magic: The Gathering…
DARKING
Life Update and thoughts.
FuDDx
How do archons sleep?
8882
Customize Sidebar...

Website Feedback

Closed Threads



Active: 1838 users

Ladder Update 4/27/2015

Forum Index > SC2 General
68 CommentsPost a Reply
1 2 3 4 Next All
Excalibur_Z
Profile Joined October 2002
United States12240 Posts
April 27 2015 20:53 GMT
#1
http://us.battle.net/sc2/en/blog/18792768/starcraft-ii-ladder-update-april-27-2015-4-27-2015

Should provide some new information to players who haven't been closely following the ladder changes. As korona and I mentioned previously, there was no MMR reset. Instead, players were thrust into "rating calibration" which is intended for new players to quickly ascertain their proper ratings. This period lasts about 25 games.

--


With the new ladder season upon us, many players have already noticed the effects of some new changes that we’ve implemented. With some adjustments previously made in Season 1, the new season provided an opportunity to implement a larger set of changes that would be risky or impossible to implement mid-season. We’d like to review the changes and how they will affect the matchmaking and ranking system.

Issues in the New Season
Before we go over the changes, a few issues have popped up in the new season and caused some confusion. We’d like to address those issues to help provide some clarity.

MMR Adjustments
Contrary to claims from some in the community, player ratings in Season 2 haven’t been reset. Instead, player ratings have been adjusted proportionally and ladder placement matches have been reset to help give players a placement that more closely reflects their actual overall rating.

However, a reason that many players believed player ratings were reset was due to an unintended side effect. The clearing of placement games unintentionally triggered an additional piece of ladder promotion logic normally intended for new players.

The “New Player” Logic
When a new player plays their first matches, the system assesses their performance in order to determine their MMR rating. The system also pairs this rating with another piece of logic called “uncertainty”. Uncertainty represents how confident the system is in your current rating. MMR and uncertainty are updated after every match and the system progressively attempts to predict your skill in relation to other players.

Early in development, some players were having too much trouble progressing through leagues. With a high level of uncertainty in their MMR, there was the potential for them to be placed in a league that exceeded their actual skill level. Due to this, the “new player” logic was built into the system to help ensure that newer players were more conservatively placed. This offers a better sense of progression as new players are given an opportunity to be promoted into new leagues once the system is more confident in their actual skill level.

In the current system, it takes around 25 games to pass the “new player” game boundary. This is the point in which the player’s uncertainty level has decreased to a point that the system is confident it has an accurate assessment of the player’s skill level.

While this logic has affected players’ initial league placement in the new season, we believe that all our active players will quickly get into the league they deserve. We apologize to any players who worked hard to achieve their rank and felt that we stripped it from them.

Problems During the Season Roll
The season roll timing has also led to some confusion. Things didn't quite go as planned, and while we have a high level of confidence in the math we applied to adjust ratings, we ran into a few implementation issues very close to the season boundary. We extended the season roll to provide more time to sort out these issues, but it wasn’t correctly scheduled in all regions. CN, KR/TW, and SEA rolled into Season 2 before we could deploy our MMR adjustments. While it wasn’t our intention to have different MMR adjustments in different regions, it does give us a chance to measure how the changes perform against a baseline and then respond to concerns from players in the next season.

Changes for This Season
Now we’d like to outline some of the changes we made for Season 2. While we touched upon some of these in our previous ladder update, we have a few additional changes to review.

Removed “MMR Decay”
“MMR decay” attempted to simulate the skill loss that would occur for an inactive player by lowering their MMR after a certain period of inactivity. While this functioned as expected for a period of time, eventually activity patterns from some players caused this functionality to have undesired effects. Now that it has been removed, inactive players will no longer see their MMR rating affected.

Proportionally Adjusted Player Ratings
Since we were unable to trace the effects of “MMR decay” on all player accounts, we have applied a proportional adjustment to accounts that we could positively identify as being decayed. Players in Diamond and above should retain their overall position and should be promoted into their proper league soon. For everyone who has been adjusted, the system has been tuned to more quickly adjust to changes in player skill. If you feel your rank is too low, please give the system 10-30 games to catch up to your current skill level. Unfortunately, the effects of “MMR Decay” for players who were only partially active in previous seasons have also caused a shift in higher players ratings that is only now being felt. Players in the Gold to Diamond league range should find their rating adjusted quicker to start the season. Players in Masters and above should still retain their overall rating but may need to break through the “low ball” barrier.

Removed League Threshold Checks
Previously, checks were in place requiring players to progress past the league threshold by a certain win percentage before a promotion. This was so players near this threshold would not ”rubber-band” back and forth between higher and lower leagues as they won and lost matches. This logic is no longer necessary given that mid-season demotions were removed some time ago. Players will now be promoted the moment their MMR meets the requirement of the new league.

Players on Win Streaks Can Now be Promoted
Previously, when a player went on a winning streak the system became less certain it was accurately assessing the skill level of the player. Thus, a league promotion would not occur until the player lost and the system was more certain of where the player should be placed. This behavior has been changed so that players on win streaks will be promoted as soon as they’re eligible.

Tightened the Rating Range When Finding a Match
When looking to find a match for a player in matchmaking, the system would previously look for opponents within a certain rating range. We’ve adjusted this behavior in the new season and tightened the rating range. This should allow for more consistent matching between players of similar skill level.

Re-adjusted League Distribution Percentages and Starting MMR for New Players
We’ve also re-adjusted the league distribution percentages and the starting MMR for new players to compensate for all the changes above.
Facebook Twitter Reddit
Moderator
virpi
Profile Blog Joined August 2009
Germany3599 Posts
April 27 2015 20:57 GMT
#2
Sounds good overall. But I really hope that they'll do a major redesign of the whole ladder in LotV. The current system feels stale and not very motivating.
first we make expand, then we defense it.
ZAiNs
Profile Joined July 2010
United Kingdom6525 Posts
April 27 2015 21:03 GMT
#3
On April 28 2015 05:57 virpi wrote:
Sounds good overall. But I really hope that they'll do a major redesign of the whole ladder in LotV. The current system feels stale and not very motivating.

The numbers of the system are very good, as long as you play enough games you'll play against people who you should be playing. The issue is the way superficial stuff like leagues, divisions, etc work.
wUndertUnge
Profile Blog Joined September 2010
United States1125 Posts
Last Edited: 2015-04-27 21:16:40
April 27 2015 21:10 GMT
#4
On April 28 2015 06:03 ZAiNs wrote:
Show nested quote +
On April 28 2015 05:57 virpi wrote:
Sounds good overall. But I really hope that they'll do a major redesign of the whole ladder in LotV. The current system feels stale and not very motivating.

The numbers of the system are very good, as long as you play enough games you'll play against people who you should be playing. The issue is the way superficial stuff like leagues, divisions, etc work.


I don't think that's the issue. The longtime complaint is just how depersonalized the SCII ladder feels. This blog from GamaSutra is being included in a post that I'm working on on how to improve the ladder and b.net experience. It's called Creating a Better Context for Competitive Play & Mastery: Critiquing Starcraft & League. There are a lot of great ideas in here for integrating the ladder and players in a way that makes it feel more like a community. I'm sure a lot of this is being addressed in the design of automated tournaments, but there's a lot to chew on in there.

I'll be posting my write-up soon hopefully.
Clan: QQGC - wundertunge#1850
TL+ Member
BadBorz
Profile Joined June 2012
Canada61 Posts
April 27 2015 21:13 GMT
#5
It was better when 1% masters only, that made an elite league just before GM. But now everyone can be master it's pretty bad
Deathstar
Profile Blog Joined May 2010
9150 Posts
April 27 2015 21:18 GMT
#6
Except everyone isn't in master. I think the 200 cap on GM is pretty weird and pointless. Why not make it unlimited and let anyone who reaches an ELO threshold or ELO percentage threshold to rank up from masters to GM?

Then in GM, it's the fight for #1 or top 10 or w/e.

I've been looking at CSGO ladder and HS ladder and I feel that sc2's ladder can definitely use some changes, including getting rid of the pointless divisions.

rip passion
JayuSC2
Profile Joined April 2015
Austria32 Posts
April 27 2015 21:31 GMT
#7
We’ve also re-adjusted the league distribution percentages and the starting MMR for new players to compensate for all the changes above.


So if there is no mid season demotion, won't that eventually make the upper leagues have more players towards the end of the season than they are supposed to have? Master league is already almost double than it was supposed to have before (2%) or what are the new percentages supposed to be like?
Cyro
Profile Blog Joined June 2011
United Kingdom20323 Posts
Last Edited: 2015-04-27 22:05:00
April 27 2015 21:48 GMT
#8
So if there is no mid season demotion, won't that eventually make the upper leagues have more players towards the end of the season than they are supposed to have?


Especially since they made promotions INTO the leagues much easier than they were before (you can be promoted with a high uncertainty and you can also be promoted immediately instead of having to average higher than the needed MMR) then i can't imagine anything other than league bloating over time.

Such is life when you can't be demoted. Every change like this makes me wonder what blizzard actually wants for leagues, why they're using them instead of an MMR display and who the target audience is - because it's not me or anybody i know that plays the game 5 years after launch
"oh my god my overclock... I got a single WHEA error on the 23rd hour, 9 minutes" -Belial88
SuperHofmann
Profile Joined September 2013
Italy1741 Posts
April 27 2015 22:05 GMT
#9
Still can't understand why former GMs are stuck in diamond and former mid masters are in GM now
Vasacast always in my <3
imre
Profile Blog Joined November 2011
France9263 Posts
Last Edited: 2015-04-27 22:05:56
April 27 2015 22:05 GMT
#10
Top GM eu is stucked in diamond but everything is working, good to now.

On April 28 2015 07:05 SuperHofmann wrote:
Still can't understand why former GMs are stuck in diamond and former mid masters are in GM now


the latter is easy, there are at least 100 available spots since most top and mid gms are stucked in diamond.
Zest fanboy.
Jer99
Profile Blog Joined April 2011
Canada8159 Posts
April 27 2015 22:07 GMT
#11
Previously, when a player went on a winning streak the system became less certain it was accurately assessing the skill level of the player. Thus, a league promotion would not occur until the player lost


I don't even know what to say to this
StrategyTaeJa #1 || @TL_Jer99 || "seeker seeked out his seeking"
Excalibur_Z
Profile Joined October 2002
United States12240 Posts
Last Edited: 2015-04-27 22:22:45
April 27 2015 22:18 GMT
#12
On April 28 2015 06:18 Deathstar wrote:
Except everyone isn't in master. I think the 200 cap on GM is pretty weird and pointless. Why not make it unlimited and let anyone who reaches an ELO threshold or ELO percentage threshold to rank up from masters to GM?

Then in GM, it's the fight for #1 or top 10 or w/e.

I've been looking at CSGO ladder and HS ladder and I feel that sc2's ladder can definitely use some changes, including getting rid of the pointless divisions.



That's sort of how it works already. Kinda. It picks the top 200 MMR people and puts a marker at the #200 guy's rating at the time of league creation. For the rest of the season, you have to climb above that marker to get promoted into GM. If the #200 guy's rating was very high, that could mean slots that opened up due to inactivity wouldn't be filled very quickly. If it wasn't that high, it would be a mad dash, first-come first-served for players above that rating to play a game and fill that slot. It has its pros and cons certainly.

On April 28 2015 07:07 Jer99 wrote:
Show nested quote +
Previously, when a player went on a winning streak the system became less certain it was accurately assessing the skill level of the player. Thus, a league promotion would not occur until the player lost


I don't even know what to say to this


I actually thought this was taken out a long time ago, but apparently it was still in. What I know was taken out was removing the win streak bias for players crossing the top edge of the next league. For example, if you were in Gold, you would get promoted either until you stabilized somewhere within Platinum or you would get an automatic promotion into Platinum once your MMR reached the Diamond zone. But yeah, the stabilization requirement definitely isn't necessary now that there are no midseason demotions.
Moderator
Xinzoe
Profile Joined January 2014
Korea (South)2373 Posts
April 27 2015 22:20 GMT
#13
On April 28 2015 05:53 Excalibur_Z wrote:

Removed League Threshold Checks
Previously, checks were in place requiring players to progress past the league threshold by a certain win percentage before a promotion. This was so players near this threshold would not ”rubber-band” back and forth between higher and lower leagues as they won and lost matches. This logic is no longer necessary given that mid-season demotions were removed some time ago. Players will now be promoted the moment their MMR meets the requirement of the new league.


This is the problem .Currently to get promoted from Dia to Master you need at least 25 games and have an mmr that is classified as "master" league to get promoted. HOWEVER, if your mmr has exceeded this "threshold" before 25 games then you will NEVER get promoted out of diamond. This is the reason why progamers are all stuck in diamond. They win the majority of their first 25 games, since you know they are progamers... some even going 25-0 hence why diamond is the "new GM".
Musicus
Profile Joined August 2011
Germany23576 Posts
April 27 2015 22:27 GMT
#14
On April 28 2015 07:20 Xinzoe wrote:
Show nested quote +
On April 28 2015 05:53 Excalibur_Z wrote:

Removed League Threshold Checks
Previously, checks were in place requiring players to progress past the league threshold by a certain win percentage before a promotion. This was so players near this threshold would not ”rubber-band” back and forth between higher and lower leagues as they won and lost matches. This logic is no longer necessary given that mid-season demotions were removed some time ago. Players will now be promoted the moment their MMR meets the requirement of the new league.


This is the problem .Currently to get promoted from Dia to Master you need at least 25 games and have an mmr that is classified as "master" league to get promoted. HOWEVER, if your mmr has exceeded this "threshold" before 25 games then you will NEVER get promoted out of diamond. This is the reason why progamers are all stuck in diamond. They win the majority of their first 25 games, since you know they are progamers... some even going 25-0 hence why diamond is the "new GM".


Well their MMR was too high from the beginning, even if they do not win all the 25 games (which they do not since they play other pros with high MMRs). As mentioned MMR's weren't actually reset, but they were placed in a lower league (diamond instead of masters) because of the new player rule. So regardless of the 25 games, they are stuck in diamond with high GM MMR. Maybe losing all 25 games would've tanked their MMR enough to get into Masters? Not sure.
Maru and Serral are probably top 5.
ZenithM
Profile Joined February 2011
France15952 Posts
April 27 2015 22:29 GMT
#15
On April 28 2015 07:07 Jer99 wrote:
Show nested quote +
Previously, when a player went on a winning streak the system became less certain it was accurately assessing the skill level of the player. Thus, a league promotion would not occur until the player lost


I don't even know what to say to this

This has been known since a long time ago right? It really obviously felt like that's what was happening :D
And I mean, why not, you don't have an idea of how strong you are until you lose to someone stronger.
StatixEx
Profile Blog Joined August 2011
United Kingdom779 Posts
April 27 2015 22:53 GMT
#16
sometimes i really think blizzard need to post

Fuck you all. Play the game, you will be sorted out eventually as it is a computer algorithm thats being applied here. It isnt going to be perfect all of the time but generally speaking and through testing it mostly is. So fuck off with ur whining, stop being a bronze player thinking ur low masters
TimKim0713
Profile Joined June 2012
Korea (South)221 Posts
April 27 2015 23:09 GMT
#17
Thanks blizzard
Now i can spend a couple of days to set my acc back to masters
From bronze ....
bosshdt
Profile Joined April 2015
Afghanistan98 Posts
April 27 2015 23:20 GMT
#18
Good MMR decay must be removed nice that they finaly did
Cazimirbzh
Profile Joined February 2014
334 Posts
April 27 2015 23:23 GMT
#19
ok, small reboot, 50 games to catch up, good to know^^
I am glad blizzard is trying to improve the ladder even if it's a small step in the right way.
Removed "mmr decay" is a good think as inactity and skills are not really linked at low leagues. However i think a decay for inactivity should still be in effect at high leagues.

With no more League Threshold Checks and with a fix on the Win Streaks, i hope the boost period to master will be decreased. Easier promotions can help improve ladder experience for new players.

"Tightened the Rating Range" i a bit concerned about this one. +30secondes to search and will it really help to find similar skill level player ?

League Distribution,..., better to show mmr or to add more leagues, it's still missing something.
virpi
Profile Blog Joined August 2009
Germany3599 Posts
April 27 2015 23:26 GMT
#20
On April 28 2015 06:03 ZAiNs wrote:
Show nested quote +
On April 28 2015 05:57 virpi wrote:
Sounds good overall. But I really hope that they'll do a major redesign of the whole ladder in LotV. The current system feels stale and not very motivating.

The numbers of the system are very good, as long as you play enough games you'll play against people who you should be playing. The issue is the way superficial stuff like leagues, divisions, etc work.

I'm really into statistics and tables. And I'm a competitive person.
I don't want to be number 59 in diamond league division "zergling chobo". I want to know my exact rank, I want to know how many wins I'm away from being eligible for a promotion, and I don't want an obfuscated ladder system in which basically every number you see on screen is absolutely meaningless, because the only thing that matters is your mmr.
Screw bonus pool, screw decay (yay, they got rid of that!), screw the "favored"-system. Just give me opponents around my mmr rating and show the f...ing ladder as it is.

Yes, I know that there are sites like nios.kr, I'm already using them. But what's the problem in having all that jazz in-game?
I never understood that dumb 6-league-random-subdivision-top-something-bullshit. Having relative league distributions is only fine if the people know why they are where they are.
first we make expand, then we defense it.
1 2 3 4 Next All
Please log in or register to reply.
Live Events Refresh
WardiTV Invitational
12:00
Playoffs
YoungYakov vs MaxPaxLIVE!
ByuN vs herO
SHIN vs Classic
Creator vs Cure
WardiTV351
Rex74
IndyStarCraft 38
IntoTheiNu 2
LiquipediaDiscussion
[ Submit Event ]
Live Streams
Refresh
StarCraft 2
SortOf 158
ProTech125
Rex 74
IndyStarCraft 38
trigger 12
StarCraft: Brood War
Britney 40807
Killer 5245
Sea 2279
Rain 2084
Flash 1622
Horang2 1492
Bisu 1081
Hyuk 1071
Jaedong 912
BeSt 748
[ Show more ]
Snow 557
Soma 329
Larva 325
Stork 307
actioN 254
Leta 247
Light 209
Soulkey 186
Last 170
Mini 160
Hyun 157
firebathero 153
hero 93
JYJ 89
Aegong 78
Rush 70
Shuttle 63
Mind 62
NotJumperer 56
Sea.KH 47
Sharp 43
[sc1f]eonzerg 34
ToSsGirL 33
IntoTheRainbow 30
sSak 27
Backho 25
JulyZerg 25
Icarus 17
Free 17
zelot 17
GoRush 14
sorry 13
Shinee 11
Yoon 10
SilentControl 9
HiyA 9
910 8
Terrorterran 5
Dota 2
singsing806
XcaliburYe130
Counter-Strike
shoxiejesuss1725
zeus446
x6flipin356
allub203
Super Smash Bros
Mew2King374
Heroes of the Storm
Khaldor186
Other Games
B2W.Neo1336
crisheroes283
RotterdaM238
Hui .136
Pyrionflax126
Organizations
StarCraft: Brood War
Kim Chul Min (afreeca) 1775
lovetv 20
StarCraft 2
Blizzard YouTube
StarCraft: Brood War
BSLTrovo
sctven
[ Show 13 non-featured ]
StarCraft 2
• AfreecaTV YouTube
• intothetv
• Kozan
• IndyKCrew
• LaughNgamezSOOP
• Migwel
• sooper7s
StarCraft: Brood War
• iopq 3
• BSLYoutube
• STPLYoutube
• ZZZeroYoutube
League of Legends
• Jankos4513
• Stunt1197
Upcoming Events
Replay Cast
11h 42m
RongYI Cup
1d 22h
herO vs Maru
uThermal 2v2 Circuit
2 days
Replay Cast
3 days
Wardi Open
3 days
Monday Night Weeklies
4 days
Sparkling Tuna Cup
4 days
The PondCast
6 days
Liquipedia Results

Completed

Proleague 2026-02-04
HSC XXVIII
Underdog Cup #3

Ongoing

CSL 2025 WINTER (S19)
KCM Race Survival 2026 Season 1
Acropolis #4 - TS4
Rongyi Cup S3
Nations Cup 2026
IEM Kraków 2026
BLAST Bounty Winter 2026
BLAST Bounty Winter Qual
eXTREMESLAND 2025
SL Budapest Major 2025
ESL Impact League Season 8

Upcoming

Escore Tournament S1: W7
Escore Tournament S1: W8
Acropolis #4
IPSL Spring 2026
HSC XXIX
uThermal 2v2 2026 Main Event
Bellum Gens Elite Stara Zagora 2026
RSL Revival: Season 4
LiuLi Cup: 2025 Grand Finals
FISSURE Playground #3
IEM Rio 2026
PGL Bucharest 2026
Stake Ranked Episode 1
BLAST Open Spring 2026
ESL Pro League Season 23
ESL Pro League Season 23
PGL Cluj-Napoca 2026
TLPD

1. ByuN
2. TY
3. Dark
4. Solar
5. Stats
6. Nerchio
7. sOs
8. soO
9. INnoVation
10. Elazer
1. Rain
2. Flash
3. EffOrt
4. Last
5. Bisu
6. Soulkey
7. Mini
8. Sharp
Sidebar Settings...

Advertising | Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Contact Us

Original banner artwork: Jim Warren
The contents of this webpage are copyright © 2026 TLnet. All Rights Reserved.