• Log InLog In
  • Register
Liquid`
Team Liquid Liquipedia
EDT 20:18
CEST 02:18
KST 09:18
  • Home
  • Forum
  • Calendar
  • Streams
  • Liquipedia
  • Features
  • Store
  • EPT
  • TL+
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Smash
  • Heroes
  • Counter-Strike
  • Overwatch
  • Liquibet
  • Fantasy StarCraft
  • TLPD
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Blogs
Forum Sidebar
Events/Features
News
Featured News
[ASL22] Ro8 Preview: Within Reach5[ASL22] Ro8 Preview: In A Tizzy11[ASL22] Ro16 Preview: Holy Diver5[ASL22] Ro16 Preview: Rough Waters10[ASL22] Ro24 Preview: Siren's Call8
Community News
SC4ALL: II SC2 Complete Invited Player Lineup4StarCraft II 5.0.17 PTR Patch Notes (Sept 30, 2026)66Weekly Cups (Sept 21-27): herO and ByuN double2Weekly Cups (Sep 13-20): herO scores triple3BSL Season 2315
StarCraft 2
General
Back to SC2 after 14 years - Protoss CTRL groups? How do you feel about the mass reverts in the 5.0.17 PTR? October World Ranking: herO stays #1, ByuN returns SC4ALL: II SC2 Complete Invited Player Lineup StarCraft II 5.0.17 PTR Patch Notes (Sept 30, 2026)
Tourneys
Stellar Fest TWO the Moon (Dec 16-20) Sparkling Tuna Cup - Weekly Open Tournament 2026 GSTL Grand Finals Sea Duckling Open (Global, Bronze-Diamond) SC2 INu's Battles#21 [ 3-Days tournament ]
Strategy
[H] ZvP Mid-Late Game: Stalkers Collossi HT
Custom Maps
[M] (2) Sweltering Sands [M] (2) Frigid Storage
External Content
The PondCast: SC2 News & Results Mutation # 545 And Drops and Rifts Mutation # 544 Double Trouble Mutation # 543 Enhanced Defenses
Brood War
General
Sagi.gg Launcher Released RepMastered™: replay sharing and analyzer site Bot on ladder BW General Discussion BSL Season 23
Tourneys
2v2v2v2 Tournament [ASL22] Ro8 Day 4 [Megathread] Daily Proleagues [ASL22] Ro8 Day 3
Strategy
Cliff Jump Revisited (1 in a 1000 strategy) Replay Review Process - What do you do? Simple Questions, Simple Answers Odyssey Mineral Stack Saturation
Other Games
General Games
Nintendo Switch Thread General RTS Discussion Thread Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne Stormgate/Frost Giant Megathread Total Annihilation Zero
Dota 2
Dota 2 Champions League Season 3 Begins April 25! Official 'what is Dota anymore' discussion
League of Legends
[TL LoL EUW IHs] Teemo shall perish
Heroes of the Storm
Heroes of the Storm 2.0
Hearthstone
Deck construction bug
TL Mafia
TL Mafia Community Thread
Community
General
Things Aren’t Peaceful in Palestine US Politics Mega-thread Russo-Ukrainian War Thread Canadian Politics Mega-thread Artificial Intelligence Thread
Fan Clubs
Serral Fan Club
Media & Entertainment
Movie Discussion! [Manga] One Piece Diablo Animated Series on Netflix
Sports
Football (Soccer) Thread MLB/Baseball 2023
World Cup 2022
Tech Support
Computer Build, Upgrade & Buying Resource Thread
TL Community
Recent Gifted Posts
Blogs
[ASL22] Ro4 Day1 Ticket Giv…
bITt.mAN
Escaping Into Video Games: G…
TrAiDoS
38 yo Retired SWE loo…
PurE)Rabbit-SF
Can Bots Beat Pros?? Starcr…
namkraft
[meme] I finally understa…
LUCKY_NOOB
Regacy Esports:Our Goa…
regacyesports
Customize Sidebar...

Website Feedback

Closed Threads



Active: 8530 users

Unit Clumping in SC2 - Good or Bad - Page 9

Forum Index > SC2 General
Post a Reply
Prev 1 7 8 9 10 11 14 Next All
Alexstrasas
Profile Joined August 2010
302 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-12-29 12:48:03
December 29 2011 12:33 GMT
#161
I find some stuff said in this thread completely rediclous.

One is that "pros" in general are bad and dont declump to bypass the problem and the other is that clumping somehow benefits the overall skill of the game.

Last time i checked "pros" have been declumping for over a year now, pretty much in every game, by "pros" im talking specificly about terran pros tough.
I am pretty sure you have to declump even in gold as a terran, even if its minimum splitting, otherwise a baneling, a tank or a storm will kill half of your army.
Yes, currently terran pros havent yet achieved those perfect splits and "formations" however i dont think we will see this perfect "individual" marine micro that some people here expect, till either enough time pass for the current players develop that skill in maybe a year or two or till the likes of flash move over to sc2.
But this brings us to the problem that clumping only "benefits" the skill of terran players, doesnt it ?
Pretty much the only situation were a protoss had to make heavy "declumping" is when facing EMP (wich btw none did anyway) but even then papa blizzard swooped in and nerfed the ability, so now the only declumping needed is not having those 4 high templars right on top of each other.

Also clumping looks like shi

So yeah i think units clump way way too much in sc2, and like it was said in some posts before mine, a simple way to do it is to simply dont allow the circles under the unit to overlap.
Snettik
Profile Joined February 2011
Finland186 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-12-29 12:41:56
December 29 2011 12:41 GMT
#162
Casuals wouldn't play sc2 with BW AI and sc2 would fail as an esport.

EDIT: because not enough viewers
alhazrel
Profile Joined November 2011
98 Posts
December 29 2011 12:42 GMT
#163
On December 29 2011 12:27 Golgotha wrote:

stop. this is nonsense.

the reason why clumped up units are SO good is because the concentration of units provide maximum firepower at a given point and time. Take for example a group of marines that are tightly packed together. More marines can fire at a given target because everyone is in range to fire their gun. On the other hand we de-clump them so that an invisible marine stands between every marine. This increases the firing range at which some marines can or cannot fire because of their distance apart. Thus, decreasing their DPS at that given time.

If you still don't get it, why do you think force fields are used and why do you think they are so powerful in this game? Because it spreads apart the enemy force so that half the force is holding their dicks and the other half is pew pewing.


Well that isn't correct: a concave/surround formation gives the most opportunity for all friendly units to hit the enemy target. The minute you put one marine 'clumped' behind another you're making the first marine get closer to the target so the ones behind can be within range. This drastically reduces the number of units you can have within range at any time.

Spreading means more friendly units can be next to each other on the front line within range. Force fields are powerful because they force enemy armies out of range, but it should be obvious that the size of a forcefield splitting an army is completely different to organising things so your units are next to each other.

+ with high damage ranged units it's better to have them behind and protected, but smart focus fire and spreading is the best method, not clumping units around them.

DPS comes from focus fire, not clumping.

I feel like I should draw a picture. See how spreading units out keeps the most in range? the big circles are forcefields.

http://imgur.com/Kn36i
Snettik
Profile Joined February 2011
Finland186 Posts
December 29 2011 12:46 GMT
#164
On December 29 2011 21:42 alhazrel wrote:
Show nested quote +
On December 29 2011 12:27 Golgotha wrote:

stop. this is nonsense.

the reason why clumped up units are SO good is because the concentration of units provide maximum firepower at a given point and time. Take for example a group of marines that are tightly packed together. More marines can fire at a given target because everyone is in range to fire their gun. On the other hand we de-clump them so that an invisible marine stands between every marine. This increases the firing range at which some marines can or cannot fire because of their distance apart. Thus, decreasing their DPS at that given time.

If you still don't get it, why do you think force fields are used and why do you think they are so powerful in this game? Because it spreads apart the enemy force so that half the force is holding their dicks and the other half is pew pewing.


Well that isn't correct: a concave/surround formation gives the most opportunity for all friendly units to hit the enemy target. The minute you put one marine 'clumped' behind another you're making the first marine get closer to the target so the ones behind can be within range. This drastically reduces the number of units you can have within range at any time.

Spreading means more friendly units can be next to each other on the front line within range. Force fields are powerful because they force enemy armies out of range, but it should be obvious that the size of a forcefield splitting an army is completely different to organising things so your units are next to each other.

+ with high damage ranged units it's better to have them behind and protected, but smart focus fire and spreading is the best method, not clumping units around them.

DPS comes from focus fire, not clumping.

I feel like I should draw a picture. See how spreading units out keeps the most in range? the big circles are forcefields.

http://imgur.com/Kn36i


Imagine 200 marines clumped in 1 single point attack moving against 200 marines spread evenly all over antiga shipyard. it would basically be 200 vs 1 a lot of times over and over and clumped up would win
Bosscelot
Profile Joined June 2010
United Kingdom52 Posts
December 29 2011 12:53 GMT
#165
I definitely agree the unit clumping is a problem, especially from a spectator perspective. However I wonder if it should be solved by increasing the radius of certain units OR decreasing the amount of units that can be selected at once. I'm not saying reduce the groups back down to 12 units only but just reduce the total selectable amount of stuff to what can be displayed on the bottom command tab (which is like 28 or something units isn't it? maybe make it a bit more).
figq
Profile Blog Joined May 2010
12519 Posts
December 29 2011 12:55 GMT
#166
Higher density of units = more firepower per area. Valid even for melee units, indeed.
It's probably the only aspect "for" keeping units clumped as they are. However, on a second thought, do we really need lots of firepower? Blizzard certainly does. They've made all kinds of basic changes towards faster games with quicker conclusions. More concentrated firepower helps them with this goal. Meanwhile, we, who have experienced the pure epic brilliance of BW battles, still feel somewhat dissatisfied with how battles are in SC2 (fortunately they are improving slowly).
If you stand next to my head, you can hear the ocean. - Day[9]
Diks
Profile Joined January 2010
Belgium1880 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-12-29 12:57:11
December 29 2011 12:56 GMT
#167
Agreed with the above post, the real problem in sc2 is dps/area occupied.
10 marines can clump and occupy the same place as 2 stalkers. you can compare dps of 10 marines vs 2 stalkers and you'll quickly realise that dps/area is a ignored but absolutely important concept to understand why the clumping can't stay like it is.
Nightshake
Profile Joined November 2010
France412 Posts
December 29 2011 12:58 GMT
#168
It forces micro but at the same time, it's a bit boring. But I think, in a 2010 game, this is normal. In Brood War it was really interesting just because the pathfinding sucked. I recommend the Day9 daily on game design where he exposes his opinion about what is interesting in old games, and he talks about the old games that need skill rather than the new games that need less skill but decision making.
FeyFey
Profile Joined September 2010
Germany10114 Posts
December 29 2011 13:11 GMT
#169
On December 29 2011 20:06 Lavi wrote:

its because most of them only uses like 2 control group max for army...
just splitting them of course will not work the pathfinding is so good that it will reclump them .. so best is like you said use different control groups to try minimize that way. Maybe you can also try that patrol move trick to spread out a little too if it works for banes.



so you deny the existence of magic box, because magic boxing is part of the pathfinding to exactly negate this.
I always laugh if a 200 apm zerg loses all his banelings clumped on one spot to 2 siege tanks. I mean every 30 apm person can make banelings ignore siege tank shots. All you have to do is autofollow half of them on your lings. and done split up banelings that will act perfectly like you want banelings to act, even if the ling they follow dies.
Same goes for emp on sentries or templars that are moved around with the main army on one spot.
And a basic splitting mechanic that works wonderfully even for attack move, have a few units on hold position the units will not push them away (same goes for attacking units they don't get pushed away), okay it ends up in a line formation, but thats okay against splash units (except hellions).
It seems we are still far away from where people actually try to use the pathing ai to their favor. even terrans still use attack move after they split their marines up, so they will clump together instead of move them around splitted.
Atleast i am pretty slow when it comes to apm, only around 200 apm during a fight, 100 average. Apm not anything blizzard things will show ^^; . And i love to use the pathing ai to buff up my unit formation pre battle. Okay units on autofollow look horrible funny. But for example hellions that autofollow a thor, lings on attack will surround the thors and get grilled by perfectly positioned hellions. Instead of running ahead and get fungaled.
Want the viking flower back in tvt, just autofollow the vikings on another air unit and turn it around.
Magic boxing, autofollow. The difference of pushing units away when attacking or idle. All mechanics that allow you to play around with the pathfinding as much as you like, and there are probably more out there.

Right now it would be bw without the knowledge of the patrol moves, or how to stack mutas properly. And alot of strategies rely on that stacking right now in bw. Well some knowledge is there just no need to experiment with it, since it will only turn into nerfs. (banelings controlled right against terran would surely be followed with a nerf lol)
Hider
Profile Blog Joined May 2010
Denmark9448 Posts
December 29 2011 13:15 GMT
#170
People who think unit clumping is the problem of sc2 and the difference between sc2 and bw doesn't understand the game. THe reason why these games are different micro wise is that sc2 has collosus, mauruders and roaches. If sc2 had more units that required good control like tanks, marines, HT, the game would reward much more micro.
Incomplet
Profile Blog Joined September 2011
United Kingdom1419 Posts
December 29 2011 13:18 GMT
#171
Poll: Unit organisation

Units always stay spread out (31)
 
69%

Keep it as it is - clumped up (7)
 
16%

Allow unit battle formations (7)
 
16%

45 total votes

Your vote: Unit organisation

(Vote): Units always stay spread out
(Vote): Keep it as it is - clumped up
(Vote): Allow unit battle formations

Bow down to the sons of Aiur...SKT1_Rain, CreatorPrime, ST_Parting, Liquid_Hero.
jonaa
Profile Joined December 2010
Netherlands151 Posts
December 29 2011 13:19 GMT
#172
if they make unit clumping less on lets say marines you would break the baneling since you would have to increase baneling explosion radius then aswell and then its alot easier to micro marines since everytime u box and click away you ahve less marines selected that you would usually have. Same for lets say collosus and other splash damage units would have to be completely rebalanced
D:
Cereb
Profile Joined November 2011
Denmark3388 Posts
December 29 2011 13:22 GMT
#173
Not this again :/


Units act differently in SC2. That's just how it is. Dustin Browder has talked about this many times. His team has talked about it many times. Teamliquid has talked about it many times. Stop making new posts about the same old stuff !


What is interesting is some of the points people have brought up with what happens with SC2 when people learn to master the unit behavior of sc2 ! Speaking from a Zerg Standpoint, there is absolutely no reason why we don't have 5-6 control groups of units since we don't need half as many hotkeys for production. Would be amazing to see the first pro with perfect flanks and splitting of 5-6 control groups ;D

Will probably force myself to do it once my macro reaches a higher level
"Until the very very top in almost anything, all that matters is how much work you put in. The only problem is most people can't work hard even at things they do enjoy, much less things they don't have a real passion for. -Greg "IdrA" Fields
IMPrime
Profile Joined September 2011
United States715 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-12-29 13:28:03
December 29 2011 13:24 GMT
#174
Actually I think the problem is just with the protoss race. It's a boring race and is the problem of the deathball syndrome.

Terrans are never allowed to a-move and ball-up their units at the pro level. Banes/infestors/colossi/HTs/tanks will just rape you all day. They have to split/kite/etc. along with using spellcasters and babying their tanks.

Zergs micro mostly comes before the battle; getting the flank up, making sure the roaches/ultras are in the front to tank damage, making sure units move in at the right time (e.g. the tanking units move in, and then your muta/infestor come in afterwards), etc. They do a-move the majority of their army, but that's somewhat excusable as they require the most multitasking for their macro anyway (injects, creep spread, overlord spread, constant scouting because they are the reactive race, etc).

Toss on the other hand, the only unit that requires significant micro that isn't a spellcaster is the stalker with blink. Zealots have no micro, colossi is "move away if anti-air units are firing at them", sentries and HTs are smartcasted and "don't clump these up if there are ghosts". Then you couple in the fact that toss units by themselves are laughably weak, and you get the toss army balling together.


Also, some people think that tvz is the closest mu to its BW counterpart, in that it doesn't revolve around one big fight in the middle of 2 a-moved balls. Terrans do constant drops and the zergs have to fend them off. And when the big battle in the middle happens, the winner can't just a-move to the opponents base, but they do gain an advantage they have to capitalize on. Honestly the mu is perfectly fine other than ghosts being OP. And notice how tvz... doesn't involve protoss!
JimmyJRaynor
Profile Blog Joined April 2010
Canada17892 Posts
December 29 2011 13:28 GMT
#175
I recently watched an old GSL game on i think "Bel Shir Beach". Both players had 3+ bases on diagonal opposites of the map pulling in tonnes of income. Both players had 200 units and both had giant death balls that were chasing each other around a centre island for 10 minutes.

The 2 death balls looked like 2 Giant Warcraft Monsters each with their own set of unique spells and special abilities and arms and legs and other appendages appearing and disappearing.
Ray Kassar To David Crane : "you're no more important to Atari than the factory workers assembling the cartridges"
Pugnae
Profile Joined March 2011
United States24 Posts
December 29 2011 13:46 GMT
#176
On December 29 2011 12:54 Mossen wrote:
Anyone who has fired a gun knows its more likely they would be dying of friendly fire at every shot.


This can not be count as an argument, sorry. If it would, you could also say zerg and protoss does not exist so the games does not make any sense.

And I do not know anyone who has ever fired a gun, we can not buy them in a supermarket, governments arround here would not enjoy us killing each other... That makes sense.
thezanursic
Profile Blog Joined July 2011
5504 Posts
December 29 2011 13:53 GMT
#177
On December 29 2011 11:56 DibujEx wrote:
Show nested quote +
On December 29 2011 11:54 PhiliBiRD wrote:
its intended because it forces micro, otherwise the game would be even easier. and ive never heard much about this ever being an issue o_O. seems fine to me


I gotta say, In BW they didnt clump up.. and it was So much hard than SCII to micro...

I agree, but macroing is totally different now. Back than it was focused on keeping things together and now it's keeping things apart and spread.

I guess you can't really say micro was harder because you can always micro better. You can always spread your marines more cost efficiently (except 1:1, but we aren't going to see that unless it's AI), but micro is a lot less effective in SC 2. What I'm trying to say is that there isn't as big a difference if you micro and if you don't.
http://i45.tinypic.com/9j2cdc.jpg Let it be so!
Mehukannu
Profile Joined October 2010
Finland421 Posts
December 29 2011 13:58 GMT
#178
On December 29 2011 22:53 thezanursic wrote:
Show nested quote +
On December 29 2011 11:56 DibujEx wrote:
On December 29 2011 11:54 PhiliBiRD wrote:
its intended because it forces micro, otherwise the game would be even easier. and ive never heard much about this ever being an issue o_O. seems fine to me


I gotta say, In BW they didnt clump up.. and it was So much hard than SCII to micro...

I agree, but macroing is totally different now. Back than it was focused on keeping things together and now it's keeping things apart and spread.

I guess you can't really say micro was harder because you can always micro better. You can always spread your marines more cost efficiently (except 1:1, but we aren't going to see that unless it's AI), but micro is a lot less effective in SC 2. What I'm trying to say is that there isn't as big a difference if you micro and if you don't.

Marines splitting against banelings comes to mind as game deciding micro...
C=('. ' Q)
Big J
Profile Joined March 2011
Austria16289 Posts
December 29 2011 14:00 GMT
#179
Simple question not so simple but very clear answer:
clumping > spreading but both get beaten by well done formation moves, which I havent seen in any RTS yet.

let's think about what we (usually) want:
Units should go as fast as we want and as close as we want to the spot we command them.
Units should fight as tightly as possible to maximize "snipingfire" and protect each other.
Units should attack in fights, so we want maximum surface (assuming limited range)
Units should be organized by function

So optimally we want our units to be as ballsy as possible until a battle starts. Then we want them in (thightly) organized lines. The one thing that really messes with this is AoE-dmg. For that we need a more specific approach.
F.e if the unit has slow firerate (tank, colossus, baneling) we want our units to be semispread--> we want to be able to rush in between shots and take the unit out (concentrated firepower) but dont want to get splashed to heavily.
Splas units with rather high firerate (ultralisk) should be fought spread all the time and dmg over time (storm) as well or dodged.

In the end it is always a matter of balancing the game around it's mechanics. broodwar with clumping AI but the same stats would be as much of a joke as sc2 without it.
RA3 water battles could become interesting if the units would clump while total war games without clumping would be really dumb.

From a skill Point of view I guess the less the game does itself, the easier it is for good people to win vs bad people. the downside is that (assuming limited human ressorces such as apm) the further away we get from "optimal" fights (and therefore "optimal" strategies as people evolve their stratehoes around their capabilities) and also the less people will play it, due to its skillrequirements.
Bluey
Profile Joined September 2009
Australia17 Posts
December 29 2011 14:03 GMT
#180
Lol, the majority of people here actually think clumping adds skill to the game.

Clumping is ideal in most match-ups. Having every single unit dpsing instead of sitting at the back walking into the fight even if you get hurt more by aoe is going to be superior alot of the time. It undoubtedly takes away skill not having to force units to clump when they automatically do it. Makes me sad and also makes me chuckle a bit, watching the rampant stupidity soar in these threads.

Also it looks like shit and having deathblob fights that decide the match in seconds is terrible imo.
-_-
Prev 1 7 8 9 10 11 14 Next All
Please log in or register to reply.
Live Events Refresh
Next event in 9h 42m
[ Submit Event ]
Live Streams
Refresh
StarCraft 2
PiGStarcraft488
Nina 165
StarCraft: Brood War
Britney 13604
Hyuk 48
Dota 2
NeuroSwarm202
League of Legends
Doublelift4698
Other Games
summit1g8894
FrodaN3137
JimRising 571
KnowMe194
ArmadaUGS103
ViBE95
Mew2King66
Trikslyr32
Organizations
Other Games
gamesdonequick1267
BasetradeTV218
Dota 2
PGL Dota 2 - Main Stream106
[ Show 11 non-featured ]
StarCraft 2
• Hupsaiya 104
• Letter145
• davetesta1
• AfreecaTV YouTube
• intothetv
• Kozan
• IndyKCrew
• Migwel
StarCraft: Brood War
• BSLYoutube
• STPLYoutube
• ZZZeroYoutube
Upcoming Events
Sparkling Tuna Cup
9h 42m
INu's Battles
11h 42m
herO vs Classic
Percival vs Rogue
Shopify Rebellion Sundays
14h 42m
MilkiCow vs TBD
Clem vs TBD
BSL Open Qualifier
18h 42m
BSL Open Qualifier
18h 42m
Replay Cast
22h 42m
Afreeca Starleague
1d 9h
Rush vs Light
WardiTV Weekly
1d 10h
Monday Night Weeklies
1d 15h
Replay Cast
1d 22h
[ Show More ]
Afreeca Starleague
2 days
Soma vs Soulkey
INu's Battles
2 days
SHIN vs Cure
ByuN vs Zoun
PiGosaur Cup
2 days
The PondCast
4 days
INu's Battles
4 days
Replay Cast
5 days
BSL: Ladder Tournament
6 days
Liquipedia Results

Completed

CSL 2026 AUTUMN (S22)
Blizzard Classic Cup 2026
Calamity Invitational

Ongoing

ASL Season 22
Super Anchor Qualifying S3
Acropolis #5
Acropolis #5 - GSB
Copium Cup
ESL Pro League Season 24
Stake Ranked Episode 4
1win Private Club #1
Logitech G Play Connect 2026
SL StarSeries Fall 2026
FISSURE Playground #3
BLAST Open Fall 2026
Esports World Cup 2026
BLAST Bounty Summer 2026
BLAST Bounty Summer Qual

Upcoming

Acropolis #5 - GSC
BSL Season 23
SC4ALL II: Brood War
BSL 23: Non-Korean Championship
HSC XXX
Stellar Fest 2: Lunar Cup
SC4ALL II: StarCraft II
Kung Fu Cup 2026 Grand Finals
RSL Offline Finals
Custodian Cup
eXTREMESLAND 2026
PGL Major Singapore 2026
Stake Ranked Episode 6
BLAST Rivals Fall 2026
IEM Beijing 2026
Stake Ranked Episode 5
PGL Masters Bucharest 2026
1win Private Club #2
Thunderpick World Champ. '26
TLPD

1. ByuN
2. TY
3. Dark
4. Solar
5. Stats
6. Nerchio
7. sOs
8. soO
9. INnoVation
10. Elazer
1. Rain
2. Flash
3. EffOrt
4. Last
5. Bisu
6. Soulkey
7. Mini
8. Sharp
Sidebar Settings...

Advertising | Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Contact Us

Original banner artwork: Jim Warren
The contents of this webpage are copyright © 2026 TLnet. All Rights Reserved.