• Log InLog In
  • Register
Liquid`
Team Liquid Liquipedia
EDT 23:37
CEST 05:37
KST 12:37
  • Home
  • Forum
  • Calendar
  • Streams
  • Liquipedia
  • Features
  • Store
  • EPT
  • TL+
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Smash
  • Heroes
  • Counter-Strike
  • Overwatch
  • Liquibet
  • Fantasy StarCraft
  • TLPD
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Blogs
Forum Sidebar
Events/Features
News
Featured News
Tournament Spotlight: FEL Cracow 20259Power Rank - Esports World Cup 202578RSL Season 1 - Final Week9[ASL19] Finals Recap: Standing Tall15HomeStory Cup 27 - Info & Preview18
Community News
[BSL 2025] H2 - Team Wars, Weeklies & SB Ladder0EWC 2025 - Replay Pack1Google Play ASL (Season 20) Announced26BSL Team Wars - Bonyth, Dewalt, Hawk & Sziky teams10Weekly Cups (July 14-20): Final Check-up0
StarCraft 2
General
#1: Maru - Greatest Players of All Time Power Rank - Esports World Cup 2025 EWC 2025 - Replay Pack Tournament Spotlight: FEL Cracow 2025 I offer completely free coaching services
Tourneys
Esports World Cup 2025 FEL Cracov 2025 (July 27) - $10,000 live event $25,000 Streamerzone StarCraft Pro Series announced $5,000 WardiTV Summer Championship 2025 WardiTV Mondays
Strategy
How did i lose this ZvP, whats the proper response
Custom Maps
External Content
Mutation # 484 Magnetic Pull Mutation #239 Bad Weather Mutation # 483 Kill Bot Wars Mutation # 482 Wheel of Misfortune
Brood War
General
Google Play ASL (Season 20) Announced [BSL 2025] H2 - Team Wars, Weeklies & SB Ladder [Update] ShieldBattery: 2025 Redesign Dewalt's Show Matches in China BGH Auto Balance -> http://bghmmr.eu/
Tourneys
[Megathread] Daily Proleagues [BSL20] Non-Korean Championship 4x BSL + 4x China CSL Xiamen International Invitational [CSLPRO] It's CSLAN Season! - Last Chance
Strategy
Does 1 second matter in StarCraft? Simple Questions, Simple Answers [G] Mineral Boosting
Other Games
General Games
Stormgate/Frost Giant Megathread Nintendo Switch Thread Total Annihilation Server - TAForever [MMORPG] Tree of Savior (Successor of Ragnarok) Path of Exile
Dota 2
Official 'what is Dota anymore' discussion
League of Legends
Heroes of the Storm
Simple Questions, Simple Answers Heroes of the Storm 2.0
Hearthstone
Heroes of StarCraft mini-set
TL Mafia
TL Mafia Community Thread Vanilla Mini Mafia
Community
General
US Politics Mega-thread UK Politics Mega-thread Stop Killing Games - European Citizens Initiative Things Aren’t Peaceful in Palestine Russo-Ukrainian War Thread
Fan Clubs
INnoVation Fan Club SKT1 Classic Fan Club!
Media & Entertainment
Anime Discussion Thread [\m/] Heavy Metal Thread Movie Discussion! [Manga] One Piece Korean Music Discussion
Sports
2024 - 2025 Football Thread Formula 1 Discussion TeamLiquid Health and Fitness Initiative For 2023 NBA General Discussion
World Cup 2022
Tech Support
Installation of Windows 10 suck at "just a moment" Computer Build, Upgrade & Buying Resource Thread
TL Community
TeamLiquid Team Shirt On Sale The Automated Ban List
Blogs
Ping To Win? Pings And Their…
TrAiDoS
momentary artworks from des…
tankgirl
from making sc maps to makin…
Husyelt
StarCraft improvement
iopq
Socialism Anyone?
GreenHorizons
Eight Anniversary as a TL…
Mizenhauer
Customize Sidebar...

Website Feedback

Closed Threads



Active: 561 users

Blizzard Blog: Balance Snapshot - Page 16

Forum Index > SC2 General
Post a Reply
Prev 1 14 15 16 17 18 28 Next All
laee
Profile Joined April 2010
Germany137 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-09-22 20:55:35
September 22 2011 20:46 GMT
#301
OK, Blizzard, we got it. Your game is 98% balanced we should not complain. GSL is just a bad dream we should not believe what we see there. Anything else?

Its funny they have to consult all the master league games to gloss over their statistics.
Now we know they balancing for casuals or what do they want to tell us with this shitload of figures crap?
Brotocol
Profile Joined September 2011
243 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-09-22 20:49:11
September 22 2011 20:47 GMT
#302
On September 23 2011 05:40 jdseemoreglass wrote:
When it comes to "measuring" balance, Blizzard has some of the most ass-backwards logic I've ever heard in my life.

Every game that's played on battlenet is a function of two dependent variables: skill and balance. If you don't know one, it is mathematically impossible to calculate the other. This is an undeniable common sense fact.

If you don't know what the balance is, you can't calculate a player's relative "skill." After you've falsely and incorrectly assumed you know what a players skill is, you can't use that number to somehow assess the balance of the game. It makes no fucking sense!

Am I the only one who sees this? Let me break it down to kindergarten level for you...

Let's say Idra and MC play 10 games together. MC wins 6, Idra wins 4.

Now... did MC win more because of balance or because of skill? YOU CAN'T KNOW THAT SIMPLY FROM THE WIN/LOSS STATISTICS! No matter how many millions of games were played, it would be absolutely impossible to know if MC was winning more because of skill or balance. You cannot calculate EITHER with win ratios. And so long as they are both dependent and unknown variables, you won't ever, ever, be able to figure them out independently.

Is Blizzard really this stupid, or do they assume everyone else is?



This is a fantastic post. Supposedly, the answer lies within the super complex formula that Blizz adjusts the statistics with. But I don't see how B.net could assess skill level as an independent variable from win/loss. I'm very skeptical about this.

My semi-subjective take: this supports that we should look at GSL. It's the closest thing we've got to minimizing skill discrepancies. People have pointed out valid limitations to this approach. But it really is the closest thing we've got. If we want to examine balance, then we absolutely must minimize skill variations in our observed set of matches.
"The Protoss ball of death is already too strong, so Protoss doesn't really need new units in HotS." - David Kim, Blizzcon 2011
RvB
Profile Blog Joined December 2010
Netherlands6209 Posts
September 22 2011 20:47 GMT
#303
On September 23 2011 05:40 jdseemoreglass wrote:
When it comes to "measuring" balance, Blizzard has some of the most ass-backwards logic I've ever heard in my life.

Every game that's played on battlenet is a function of two dependent variables: skill and balance. If you don't know one, it is mathematically impossible to calculate the other. This is an undeniable common sense fact.

If you don't know what the balance is, you can't calculate a player's relative "skill." After you've falsely and incorrectly assumed you know what a players skill is, you can't use that number to somehow assess the balance of the game. It makes no fucking sense!

Am I the only one who sees this? Let me break it down to kindergarten level for you...

Let's say Idra and MC play 10 games together. MC wins 6, Idra wins 4.

Now... did MC win more because of balance or because of skill? YOU CAN'T KNOW THAT SIMPLY FROM THE WIN/LOSS STATISTICS! No matter how many millions of games were played, it would be absolutely impossible to know if MC was winning more because of skill or balance. You cannot calculate EITHER with win ratios. And so long as they are both dependent and unknown variables, you won't ever, ever, be able to figure them out independently.

Is Blizzard really this stupid, or do they assume everyone else is?


That's why Blizzard made this huge ass formula, sure it's impossible the calculate skill level but they try to get as close as they can. They probably also calculate a margin of error with it and all that stuff.
It's all educated guessing in the end.
Tsubbi
Profile Joined September 2010
Germany7996 Posts
September 22 2011 20:50 GMT
#304
On September 23 2011 05:40 jdseemoreglass wrote:
When it comes to "measuring" balance, Blizzard has some of the most ass-backwards logic I've ever heard in my life.

Every game that's played on battlenet is a function of two dependent variables: skill and balance. If you don't know one, it is mathematically impossible to calculate the other. This is an undeniable common sense fact.

If you don't know what the balance is, you can't calculate a player's relative "skill." After you've falsely and incorrectly assumed you know what a players skill is, you can't use that number to somehow assess the balance of the game. It makes no fucking sense!

Am I the only one who sees this? Let me break it down to kindergarten level for you...

Let's say Idra and MC play 10 games together. MC wins 6, Idra wins 4.

Now... did MC win more because of balance or because of skill? YOU CAN'T KNOW THAT SIMPLY FROM THE WIN/LOSS STATISTICS! No matter how many millions of games were played, it would be absolutely impossible to know if MC was winning more because of skill or balance. You cannot calculate EITHER with win ratios. And so long as they are both dependent and unknown variables, you won't ever, ever, be able to figure them out independently.

Is Blizzard really this stupid, or do they assume everyone else is?


that's exactly what i was getting at a few pages ago, but your post is way more eloquent

this is just the fundamental flaw with "adjusted" winrates, it's a useless concept to measure balance
kubiks
Profile Blog Joined March 2011
France1328 Posts
September 22 2011 20:51 GMT
#305
On September 23 2011 05:47 RvB wrote:
That's why Blizzard made this huge ass formula, sure it's impossible the calculate skill level but they try to get as close as they can. They probably also calculate a margin of error with it and all that stuff.
It's all educated guessing in the end.


What the guy saying about the fact that you can't distinguish between balance and skill is still right, and a big ass formula is just gonna hide this fact...

However I think that with the mirroir match-up (and teh other matchup) you can have an approximation of the skill so maybe the big ass formula is doing the things right
Juanald you're my hero I miss you -> best troll ever on TL <3
ChriseC
Profile Joined December 2010
Germany440 Posts
September 22 2011 20:52 GMT
#306
there are some things that i dont understand

ladder system tries to keep you to 50% win/lose ratio, so isnt it representitive at all?
GentleDrill
Profile Joined June 2011
United Kingdom672 Posts
September 22 2011 20:54 GMT
#307
On September 23 2011 05:40 jdseemoreglass wrote:
When it comes to "measuring" balance, Blizzard has some of the most ass-backwards logic I've ever heard in my life.

Every game that's played on battlenet is a function of two dependent variables: skill and balance. If you don't know one, it is mathematically impossible to calculate the other. This is an undeniable common sense fact.

If you don't know what the balance is, you can't calculate a player's relative "skill." After you've falsely and incorrectly assumed you know what a players skill is, you can't use that number to somehow assess the balance of the game. It makes no fucking sense!

Am I the only one who sees this? Let me break it down to kindergarten level for you...

Let's say Idra and MC play 10 games together. MC wins 6, Idra wins 4.

Now... did MC win more because of balance or because of skill? YOU CAN'T KNOW THAT SIMPLY FROM THE WIN/LOSS STATISTICS! No matter how many millions of games were played, it would be absolutely impossible to know if MC was winning more because of skill or balance. You cannot calculate EITHER with win ratios. And so long as they are both dependent and unknown variables, you won't ever, ever, be able to figure them out independently.

Is Blizzard really this stupid, or do they assume everyone else is?


This idea works for your 2-man example but with a sample size of thousands it is quite reasonable to assume that skill is more-or-less even across all races.
Telenil
Profile Joined September 2010
France484 Posts
September 22 2011 20:54 GMT
#308
What strikes me is that whenever you have the "win ratio of the month" post updated, people go "poor [race with less than 50%], makes me sad. [Race with more than 50%] is OP atm."
Yet when Blizzard comes with its own number, it's "those numbers are meaningless" all over the place. So I wonder, if you say Blizzard stats aren't reliable, would you say the same about any other W/L ratio?
Mass Recall: Brood War campaigns on SC2: http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=303166
happyness
Profile Joined June 2010
United States2400 Posts
September 22 2011 20:58 GMT
#309
Has anyone calculated the probability of there being 20/32 terrans in the GSL assuming the 96 top players are 32 of each race? And how would you solve that?
jarf1337
Profile Joined July 2010
United States146 Posts
September 22 2011 20:59 GMT
#310
The fact that it has to exceed a 60/40 ratio is the scariest part of the article for me. With the number of games that they have to analyze(100,000's), we shouldn't be seeing such a large gap in win-rates if we are assuming a balanced state. If the game reaches a 60/40 ratio, that matchup would be basically unplayable.
wut kan i dew
galivet
Profile Joined February 2011
288 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-09-22 21:07:43
September 22 2011 20:59 GMT
#311
Most people define "game balance" as a condition where players of equal skill have an equal chance of winning. But I actually care about a different kind of balance: For e-sports to thrive, you need to have equal ratios of all three races competitive in tournament play -- meaning that each race gets a roughly-equal slice of victory pie in the major tournaments, whether it's fair or not.

This is purely about maximizing entertainment: a tournament is more entertaining if you have the full mix of matchups from beginning up through the Ro4. To understand the reason, consider the current GSL season: Almost all protoss have been eliminated very early in the season, so protoss fans aren't going to get much entertainment value out of the rest of the tournament. Even terran fans may get tired of the endless TvT and wish for a little more TvP and TvZ for the sake of variety.

To maximize the entertainment value of tournaments, you have to throw your "real" notions of game balance out the window; they don't matter. You have to compensate for factors that have nothing to do with game balance, such as:

1. One race may not have as many good players.
2. One race may not have as many players who entered the tournament.

Even under these circumstances, for the tournament to be entertaining for *all* of the fans, you have to ensure that the race with fewer players/fewer good players make it to the final rounds of the tournament -- even if you have to give them an artificial boost that allows the lesser skilled players to win.

To put it simply, I would be in favor of doubling stalker DPS if it meant that I got to enjoy watching more matches in a GSL season, even though that wouldn't be a fair change. I don't care about game fairness since I watch much more often than I play. I care about seeing the race I like to watch win an equal share of games to the players of the other two races, fairness be damned. If making the game completely fair accomplishes that, then great! If not, then fuck fairness -- just make it entertaining.

E-sports is about entertainment, pure and simple. Blizzard needs to do what it takes to keep the entertainment value high, even if it makes the game unfair.

e: A side-effect of this approach is that over time the game actually does become fair, and the fairness becomes easier to maintain. When pros don't need to all pick Terran to have the best chance of making money in tournaments, they spread out across the races, equalizing the race-skill and race-playercount gaps that we may currently have. After that has occurred, then just by ensuring roughly-equal win ratios at the top level of play Blizzard will be sure that the game really is skill-fair at that level, because skill will have evenly distributed across the races.
polysciguy
Profile Joined August 2010
United States488 Posts
September 22 2011 20:59 GMT
#312
On September 23 2011 05:58 happyness wrote:
Has anyone calculated the probability of there being 20/32 terrans in the GSL assuming the 96 top players are 32 of each race? And how would you solve that?

kubiks did


I know I shouldn't post this but It seemed quite funny to caculate so I tryed.
If we consider that the game is balance means there is a uniform distribution on the code S spots for the 3 races (so basically we can toss a dice for each code S spot , so we throw 32 dices and look what is the result).
Now the probability that terran got k (20 here) spot in code S which have n players (32 here) is :
(n! 2^(n-k))/(k!(n-k)! 3^n).
It's quite ugly but I'm not sure it's possible to make a better formula (well at least it works for n=1 and n=2 )
This formula gives that the probability that there is 20 terrans out of 32 players is 0,05%.
In comparison the probability that there is 12 terran is 12% and 11 terran is 14%....
glory is fleeting, but obscurity is forever---napoleon
Cyrak
Profile Joined July 2011
Canada536 Posts
September 22 2011 21:00 GMT
#313
On September 23 2011 05:54 Telenil wrote:
What strikes me is that whenever you have the "win ratio of the month" post updated, people go "poor [race with less than 50%], makes me sad. [Race with more than 50%] is OP atm."
Yet when Blizzard comes with its own number, it's "those numbers are meaningless" all over the place. So I wonder, if you say Blizzard stats aren't reliable, would you say the same about any other W/L ratio?


The reason people say the numbers are meaningless is that they are made up primarily of bad players or casual players (all of masters pretty much).

When people look at pro gamer win rates, particularly Korea-only pro gamer win rates, they should be able to get a better idea of game balance because all the statistics produced are from extremely strong players clashing with other extremely strong players.

Do you really think it's valuable to know what the race win rates are in the bronze-masters skill range? If so please explain their value so the rest of us can be enlightened.
Fortune favors the prepared mind.
RisingTide
Profile Joined December 2008
Australia769 Posts
September 22 2011 21:01 GMT
#314
On September 23 2011 05:54 Telenil wrote:
What strikes me is that whenever you have the "win ratio of the month" post updated, people go "poor [race with less than 50%], makes me sad. [Race with more than 50%] is OP atm."
Yet when Blizzard comes with its own number, it's "those numbers are meaningless" all over the place. So I wonder, if you say Blizzard stats aren't reliable, would you say the same about any other W/L ratio?

It's because Blizzard's numbers have been 'adjusted'. We have no idea what the actual numbers are, just these vague percentages.

There is also the fact that they lump masters and grand masters as though there is anything close to a comparison. As a middling masters player I don't think my games should really be taken into too much consideration concerning balance. Most of the time when I lose, it's because I'm bad.

Lastly, these numbers are found from games on the ladder maps, where things like close position spawns and 'rush maps' that blizzard seems to love would have a pretty serious effect on the game.
decaf
Profile Joined October 2010
Austria1797 Posts
September 22 2011 21:01 GMT
#315
Blizz already stated that they can sort the 50% win rate matchmaking issue out.
Condor Hero
Profile Blog Joined August 2009
United States2931 Posts
Last Edited: 2011-09-22 21:02:06
September 22 2011 21:01 GMT
#316
On September 23 2011 05:59 jarf1337 wrote:
The fact that it has to exceed a 60/40 ratio is the scariest part of the article for me. With the number of games that they have to analyze(100,000's), we shouldn't be seeing such a large gap in win-rates if we are assuming a balanced state. If the game reaches a 60/40 ratio, that matchup would be basically unplayable.

Yeah I don't think ZvP with Void/Colo vs Roach/Hydra ever reached 60/40 and even then you had tons and tons of Idra fans saying it was unplayable.
Animostas
Profile Blog Joined August 2009
United States568 Posts
September 22 2011 21:03 GMT
#317
I think that the idea behind this is kind of flawed: you need to be looking at tournament results for the highest level of play. Ladder is where people are more likely to just be screwing around with builds and getting stream sniped rather than legitimate competitive play.
SeaSwift
Profile Blog Joined February 2011
Scotland4486 Posts
September 22 2011 21:03 GMT
#318
On September 23 2011 05:52 ChriseC wrote:
there are some things that i dont understand

ladder system tries to keep you to 50% win/lose ratio, so isnt it representitive at all?


AHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

There really should be a link that is required viewing for every new TL member to the Blizzcon in which they explain their way of taking away that. Oh, and the squillions of other posts that ask exactly the same question.

Basically, Blizzard has a fucking huge equation to remove the matchmaking system from the equation (allegedly), among other things. So NO, the 50% win/lose ratio SHOULDN'T have any impact.
flowSthead
Profile Blog Joined March 2011
1065 Posts
September 22 2011 21:05 GMT
#319
On September 23 2011 05:40 jdseemoreglass wrote:
When it comes to "measuring" balance, Blizzard has some of the most ass-backwards logic I've ever heard in my life.

Every game that's played on battlenet is a function of two dependent variables: skill and balance. If you don't know one, it is mathematically impossible to calculate the other. This is an undeniable common sense fact.

If you don't know what the balance is, you can't calculate a player's relative "skill." After you've falsely and incorrectly assumed you know what a players skill is, you can't use that number to somehow assess the balance of the game. It makes no fucking sense!

Am I the only one who sees this? Let me break it down to kindergarten level for you...

Let's say Idra and MC play 10 games together. MC wins 6, Idra wins 4.

Now... did MC win more because of balance or because of skill? YOU CAN'T KNOW THAT SIMPLY FROM THE WIN/LOSS STATISTICS! No matter how many millions of games were played, it would be absolutely impossible to know if MC was winning more because of skill or balance. You cannot calculate EITHER with win ratios. And so long as they are both dependent and unknown variables, you won't ever, ever, be able to figure them out independently.

Is Blizzard really this stupid, or do they assume everyone else is?


You're right, but then I have a question to ask you. How do you measure balance at all? So many people on TL talk about how BroodWar was perfectly balanced, but according to your logic, this would never be the case. And judging by what Artosis said on the last SOTG, none of that was dependent on player skill or racial balance, but map balance. "The Legend of the Fall" means Protoss win more in the Fall because there are more Protoss favored maps in the Fall? That doesn't sound particularly balanced.

I mean I understand the general principle that you cannot balance in a vacuum without maps, but if you are balancing around maps then doesn't racial balance become negligible? If there is a huge imbalance, then if you make a certain race favored on a map, then it might even things out so that players of equal skill will have a 50% win ratio. All of that assumes that you know what skill level everyone is, which you point we do not.

So what is the answer then? How do you do this when you can never accurately judge how much skill someone has?
"You can be creative but I will crush it under the iron fist of my conservative play." - Liquid`Tyler █ MVP ■ MC ■ Boxer ■ Grubby █
Corrosive
Profile Joined August 2010
Canada3741 Posts
September 22 2011 21:05 GMT
#320
I don't understand. They're using ladder for stastics, but its pretty widely known that---

people drop
people cheese frequently just for fun or a quick win
people leave for no reason
people do stupid strategies just for fun
people generally mess around even in high leagues

so how does this show balance proof?
Maruprime.
Prev 1 14 15 16 17 18 28 Next All
Please log in or register to reply.
Live Events Refresh
Next event in 7h 24m
[ Submit Event ]
Live Streams
Refresh
StarCraft 2
Nina 267
RuFF_SC2 196
SpeCial 124
ProTech50
StarCraft: Brood War
Sea 4364
NaDa 81
Noble 55
Leta 40
Sacsri 9
Icarus 8
Dota 2
monkeys_forever892
League of Legends
JimRising 884
Super Smash Bros
hungrybox3145
Heroes of the Storm
Khaldor162
Other Games
summit1g17113
tarik_tv10369
Maynarde201
ROOTCatZ173
Organizations
Other Games
gamesdonequick1772
BasetradeTV158
StarCraft 2
Blizzard YouTube
StarCraft: Brood War
BSLTrovo
sctven
[ Show 16 non-featured ]
StarCraft 2
• davetesta73
• practicex 19
• intothetv
• AfreecaTV YouTube
• Kozan
• IndyKCrew
• LaughNgamezSOOP
• Migwel
• sooper7s
StarCraft: Brood War
• BSLYoutube
• STPLYoutube
• ZZZeroYoutube
League of Legends
• Doublelift6696
• Rush1397
• Lourlo696
Other Games
• Scarra1952
Upcoming Events
Wardi Open
7h 24m
Sparkling Tuna Cup
1d 6h
WardiTV European League
1d 12h
Online Event
1d 13h
uThermal 2v2 Circuit
2 days
The PondCast
3 days
Replay Cast
3 days
Korean StarCraft League
4 days
CranKy Ducklings
5 days
Sparkling Tuna Cup
6 days
Liquipedia Results

Completed

BSL 20 Non-Korean Championship
FEL Cracow 2025
Underdog Cup #2

Ongoing

Copa Latinoamericana 4
Jiahua Invitational
BSL 20 Team Wars
CC Div. A S7
IEM Cologne 2025
FISSURE Playground #1
BLAST.tv Austin Major 2025
ESL Impact League Season 7
IEM Dallas 2025
PGL Astana 2025
Asian Champions League '25

Upcoming

BSL 21 Qualifiers
ASL Season 20: Qualifier #1
ASL Season 20: Qualifier #2
ASL Season 20
CSLPRO Chat StarLAN 3
BSL Season 21
RSL Revival: Season 2
Maestros of the Game
SEL Season 2 Championship
WardiTV Summer 2025
uThermal 2v2 Main Event
HCC Europe
ESL Pro League S22
StarSeries Fall 2025
FISSURE Playground #2
BLAST Open Fall 2025
BLAST Open Fall Qual
Esports World Cup 2025
BLAST Bounty Fall 2025
BLAST Bounty Fall Qual
TLPD

1. ByuN
2. TY
3. Dark
4. Solar
5. Stats
6. Nerchio
7. sOs
8. soO
9. INnoVation
10. Elazer
1. Rain
2. Flash
3. EffOrt
4. Last
5. Bisu
6. Soulkey
7. Mini
8. Sharp
Sidebar Settings...

Advertising | Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Contact Us

Original banner artwork: Jim Warren
The contents of this webpage are copyright © 2025 TLnet. All Rights Reserved.