Help me!

a.Explain the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change.
b. Describe how scientists use each of the following as evidence for evoluton.
i. Bacterial resistance to antibodies
ii. Comparative biochemisty
iii. The fossil record

I can answer part i and ii? :[

thedeadhaji

39489 Posts

May 15 2008 02:23 GMT

a) is the various ways that mutations can occur i guess? So mention like... random point mutations, mismatching (sliding) of the dna strands, etc. Then I guess you can talk about chromosome matching and shit?

b) no idea lol

It's been like 6 years since I took the AP bio though so take this with a grain of salt. My thoughts for part a are most likely incomplete too.

il0seonpurpose

Korea (South)5638 Posts

May 15 2008 02:24 GMT

Didn't you already take the test?

clazziquai

6685 Posts

May 15 2008 02:25 GMT

On May 15 2008 11:24 il0seonpurpose wrote:
Didn't you already take the test?

My teacher is a psycho...
we have one last test on Friday

and I'm out of here! WOOT

MidnightGladius

China1214 Posts

May 15 2008 02:30 GMT

Talk about gradualism, and how models like punctuated equilibrium, shearing and folding of layers, and tectonic movement fill in neat, clean gaps.

That should give you enough information to do some quick research with, but if you want me to go more in-depth, I'll be back when I'm done cooking dinner.

clazziquai

6685 Posts

May 15 2008 02:33 GMT

On May 15 2008 11:30 MidnightGladius wrote:
Talk about gradualism, and how models like punctuated equilibrium, shearing and folding of layers, and tectonic movement fill in neat, clean gaps.

That should give you enough information to do some quick research with, but if you want me to go more in-depth, I'll be back when I'm done cooking dinner.

please do ^^

il0seonpurpose

Korea (South)5638 Posts

May 15 2008 02:37 GMT

Haha.

tiffany

3664 Posts

May 15 2008 02:38 GMT

which year's test is this from? 2004? seems familiar

talismania

United States2364 Posts

May 15 2008 02:43 GMT

On May 15 2008 11:14 clazziquai wrote:
Help me!

a.Explain the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change.
b. Describe how scientists use each of the following as evidence for evoluton.
i. Bacterial resistance to antibodies
ii. Comparative biochemisty
iii. The fossil record

I can answer part i and ii? :[

lol I took an entire course on part a this fall... good luck answering that in one essay.

definition of evolution = change in allele frequency over time in a given population.

so, I think what (a) is just asking for is things like

-genetic drift
-natural selection
-inbreeding
-other stuff I forget, but that presumably you learned.

(b)
-uh obviously the fact that bacteria develop resistance to antibodies means that they evolve traits that prove beneficial and whatnot... good to be alive, bad not to be, hence there'd be mad selective pressure on stuff that renders you unrecognizable by the immune system.

-comparative biochemistry is used to look at evolutionary changes at the phenotypic (specifically, protein) level and genotypic level (the genes, duh). I mean... you compare a protein's AA sequence or a gene's sequence between species and you say "hmm ok they share this much and common compared to how much they differ from this other species (the outgroup) by so much so they diverged X years ago" and what not.

-fossil record is just duh. they look at the fossil record, and examine how phenotypes change over time. example the disappearance of hind limbs in whales.

micronesia

United States24741 Posts

May 15 2008 03:00 GMT

#10

Which question asks about Intelligent Design? BOTH MUST BE REPRESENTED.

GHOSTCLAW

United States17042 Posts

May 15 2008 03:46 GMT

#11

part A) you can also add in mutations, along with what talismania said.

and micronesia made me lol

mahnini

United States6862 Posts

May 15 2008 03:47 GMT

#12

typical protoss

ieatkids5

United States4628 Posts

May 15 2008 03:51 GMT

#13

On May 15 2008 11:38 tiffany wrote:
which year's test is this from? 2004? seems familiar

1992 actually

For the OP

EVOLUTION QUESTION 1992: L.PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY
Evolution is one of the unifying concepts of modern biology.

a. Explain the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change.

b. Describe how scientists use each of the following as evidence for evolution.
(1) Bacterial resistance to antibiotics
(2) Comparative biochemistry
(3) The fossil record

STANDARDS:
A. (Max 7 points) Explain the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary
change.
The Big Picture:
(1 point for any of the following)
__ Punctuated Equilibrium, mass extinction, etc.
__ Definition of Evolution - change through time
__ Mutation - change in genes yields genetic variation
__ Natural selection / selective pressure (Darwin)
Genetic variation exists
Over production
Competition - survival of the fittest (Best genes)
Survivors reproduce (Best genes to offspring)
__ Adaptive/non-adaptive nature of variation

Specific Mechanisms:
(1 point, no elaboration / 1 point - elaboration of mechanisms)
Population level mechanisms:
__ Genetic drift/change in allele frequencies in small population
__ Founder effect/bottleneck
__ Migration/gene flow in populations
__ Non-random mating/inbreeding
__ Hardy-Weinberg disruption leads to evolution
__ Speciation: prezygotic/postzygotic isolating mechanisms
__ Examples: seasonal/behavioral/temporal
__ Chromosomal abnormalities/polyploidy/change in chromosome number
__ Development of genetic variation through: recombination/cross-over/
independent assortment/meiosis

B. (Max 6 points)
Describe how scientists use each of the following as evidence for
evolution:
(1) Bacterial resistance to antibiotics (max 2 points)
__ Genetic variation/mutants
__ Selection for resistance
__ Survival to reproduce
__ Transduction/transformation/"sex" reproduction/DNA plasmid transfer

(2) Comparative biochemistry (max 2 points)
__ Common biochemical pathways (as evidence for evolution)
__ Respiration Examples: electron flow, proton pump, chemiosmosis, Krebs cycle
__ ATP, etc.
__ Photosynthesis - light reactions, Calvin cycle
__ Proteins - Examples: Amino acid sequence, isoenzymes, cyctochrome C,
hemoglobin (addn'l point for elaboration), insulin
__ Cell Structure based on similarity in molecular composition

(3) The fossil record (max 2 points)
__ Stratification of fossils as evidence of change
__ Examples with description of change: (2 points possible)
Humans, Horses, Vascular Plants, Shellfish
__ Limb Homology
__ Elaboration of example
__ Chronology - radioactive dating
__ Cladistics/phenology
__ Extinction of Species

from
http://apbio.biosci.uga.edu/exam/Essays/html/standards/1992_evolution.html

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