• Log InLog In
  • Register
Liquid`
Team Liquid Liquipedia
EDT 04:21
CEST 10:21
KST 17:21
  • Home
  • Forum
  • Calendar
  • Streams
  • Liquipedia
  • Features
  • Store
  • EPT
  • TL+
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Smash
  • Heroes
  • Counter-Strike
  • Overwatch
  • Liquibet
  • Fantasy StarCraft
  • TLPD
  • StarCraft 2
  • Brood War
  • Blogs
Forum Sidebar
Events/Features
News
Featured News
Code S RO8 Preview: herO, Zoun, Bunny, Classic4Code S RO8 Preview: Rogue, GuMiho, Solar, Maru3BGE Stara Zagora 2025: Info & Preview27Code S RO12 Preview: GuMiho, Bunny, SHIN, ByuN3The Memories We Share - Facing the Final(?) GSL47
Community News
BGE Stara Zagora 2025 - Replay Pack2Weekly Cups (June 2-8): herO doubles down1[BSL20] ProLeague: Bracket Stage & Dates9GSL Ro4 and Finals moved to Sunday June 15th13Weekly Cups (May 27-June 1): ByuN goes back-to-back0
StarCraft 2
General
Code S RO8 Preview: herO, Zoun, Bunny, Classic Jim claims he and Firefly were involved in match-fixing The SCII GOAT: A statistical Evaluation DreamHack Dallas 2025 - Official Replay Pack BGE Stara Zagora 2025 - Replay Pack
Tourneys
[GSL 2025] Code S:Season 2 - RO8 - Group A RSL: Revival, a new crowdfunded tournament series SOOPer7s Showmatches 2025 Sparkling Tuna Cup - Weekly Open Tournament Sea Duckling Open (Global, Bronze-Diamond)
Strategy
[G] Darkgrid Layout Simple Questions Simple Answers [G] PvT Cheese: 13 Gate Proxy Robo
Custom Maps
[UMS] Zillion Zerglings
External Content
Mutation # 477 Slow and Steady Mutation # 476 Charnel House Mutation # 475 Hard Target Mutation # 474 Futile Resistance
Brood War
General
BW General Discussion BGH auto balance -> http://bghmmr.eu/ FlaSh Witnesses SCV Pull Off the Impossible vs Shu StarCraft & BroodWar Campaign Speedrun Quest Will foreigners ever be able to challenge Koreans?
Tourneys
[BSL20] GosuLeague RO16 - Tue & Wed 20:00+CET [ASL19] Grand Finals NA Team League 6/8/2025 [Megathread] Daily Proleagues
Strategy
I am doing this better than progamers do. [G] How to get started on ladder as a new Z player
Other Games
General Games
Nintendo Switch Thread Stormgate/Frost Giant Megathread Beyond All Reason Path of Exile What do you want from future RTS games?
Dota 2
Official 'what is Dota anymore' discussion
League of Legends
Heroes of the Storm
Simple Questions, Simple Answers Heroes of the Storm 2.0
Hearthstone
Heroes of StarCraft mini-set
TL Mafia
TL Mafia Community Thread Vanilla Mini Mafia
Community
General
US Politics Mega-thread Things Aren’t Peaceful in Palestine UK Politics Mega-thread Russo-Ukrainian War Thread Vape Nation Thread
Fan Clubs
Maru Fan Club Serral Fan Club
Media & Entertainment
Korean Music Discussion [Manga] One Piece
Sports
2024 - 2025 Football Thread Formula 1 Discussion NHL Playoffs 2024
World Cup 2022
Tech Support
Computer Build, Upgrade & Buying Resource Thread
TL Community
The Automated Ban List
Blogs
A Better Routine For Progame…
TrAiDoS
StarCraft improvement
iopq
Heero Yuy & the Tax…
KrillinFromwales
I was completely wrong ab…
jameswatts
Need Your Help/Advice
Glider
Trip to the Zoo
micronesia
Customize Sidebar...

Website Feedback

Closed Threads



Active: 27153 users

Vector Art: a How to

Blogs > alteredclone
Post a Reply
1 2 Next All
alteredclone
Profile Blog Joined October 2011
United States110 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-01-29 04:01:46
January 29 2013 03:31 GMT
#1
+
[image loading]

TL;DR
If you are here because you just want to watch me draw something click here

DISCLAIMER: I’m very passionate about what I do and why and how I do it. I will not be telling you what to do, I will be teaching you how to do it; a sort of crash course in anything that might resemble my style, or vector art in general. With it, comes many of my very personal and outspoken opinions, as well as my inspirations and reasonings. If this is not something you are interested in please just google "vector art tutorial" and click on the first link.

+ Step 0: Learn to Draw.

[image loading]
Yes. Most vector art is drawn very meticulously by hand first.

And yes, this tutorial starts like this. If you really want to really be able to art like this, you are going to need to learn how to actually draw. With books and charcoal and perspective and shading. All of that. The whole bit.

[image loading]

Ok, now that you have a basic understanding of drawing, let’s begin

+
Step 1: Begin Drawing
(But read all of this first.)

[image loading]
( No, a tablet is not required for this tutorial )

When I was learning graphic design I was always particularly drawn to the vector style. It always looked so slick and effortless. I’ve always loved logo design and this was just the epitome of that kind of beautiful simplicity to me.

[image loading]

After a few semi-failed attempts at imitating a few styles, I (coincidentally) became aware of the then newly popular “OBEY” style; and by that I mean people blatantly tracing photos in illustrator.

[image loading]

I quickly learned that the proportions of the image were not what was supposed to be admired (or even frowned upon), but the subtle line control expressed throughout the good pieces. Even a traced image could look stunning if the artist knew what he was doing, and after a while it was easy to spot the difference between someone who did, and someone who didn't.

[image loading]

You could admire a clear, legible image from 20 feet away and the great detail and subtlety of it from inches away. Much like any good logo design.

This brings up a couple points but I will start with

>
A. Basic Shape (And Key Features)


[image loading]

Almost anything you can draw has something that makes it “it” (we’ll refer to it as X so i don’t have to say “it factor”). Now, for a great many things, you will find that its silhouette can often be this factor; a guitar, a car, a plane from afar ~ However with other things it gets a bit more detailed. A particular person could have very specific hair/facial hair. An animal it might have a particular ear or tail shape. This factor could even be a costume that a character wears or a logo on their forehead. (we won’t get into comic book characters) et cetera.

The point is that often times you can make changes in the proportions or colors of any irrelevant attribute, or even take them all away entirely, and by keeping X, the thing will still obviously be the thing it’s supposed to be.

[image loading]
in this case by keeping the 卐 factor

[image loading]
spoilers

Being able to identify these features and utilize them in your drawings is paramount. For those of you who have ever drawn fanart and just cannot fucking figure out why it still doesn’t look like Hermione for some reason, it’s probably because of this reason. Human characteristics are obviously a lot more subtle than, you know, having a tree face, but the same principles still apply. (you made her lips too big)*

*At this point you may end the tutorial and begin your career as a minimalist graphic designer on tumblr.

[image loading]

Now, your basic shape is usually pretty cool already. Especially if you are designing a logo for, say, “Swan Industries” and their logo is a swan. Swans are already S shaped. Bam. Logo done. EZ mode.

But when your silhouette doesn’t really have that “BAM” factor, you might have to delve into some more advanced techniques in order to spice up your designs such as

i. Making Stuff Up

[image loading]

Sometimes the thing you’re drawing is boring, or doesn’t really bring many of those X factors to the table.

[image loading]

Or maybe it’s just not the shape you want it to be, and you just want to make it whatever shape. Or (more realistically) you actually have to make it a different shape. Well it’s your lucky day! Because now that we’ve gathered our X’s we can pretty much get as creative as we want.

[image loading]

Usually for designs like the Dota Hero series™, i will pick some sort of basic shape that could essentially fulfill the role of being some generic logo:

[image loading]

and draw in the X details as needed. Sometimes you will have 10-20 X’s to drop into your shape, sometimes you will have 2-5. Your job is to decide which are the most / least important and filter accordingly. However, your filtering is VERY IMPORTANT. It can mean the difference between a good result and a horrible result. I’m sure you’ve seen a vector of some hot young actress who looks like she’s aged 30+ years. This is because people do not know how to properly filter out non relevant features (wrinkles in particular) and it just gets out of hand. Conversely, you might see people filter out the necessary features, and decide they want to keep completely unnatural ones.

[image loading]

It’s important to note that you will often intermix X details with non-X details when working with anything more complicated than a basic logo. You will have to stand back from your drawing and think, "do I really need to add the divot on the upper lip?"

This process is a balance that will be ultimately decided at your own will. Sometimes you’ll figure it out right away. Sometimes you will want to end your life right at your desk. But keep in mind it’s a balance. As someone said about God once, “you give AND take away, you give AND take away.”

G D Em C
(repeat forever)


ii. “Artistic Liberty”

[image loading]

No. Artistic Liberty does not mean “I’m an artist so I can do whatever I want. This is me expressing myself mom! Get out of my life you don’t unDERS TAND M3 ~!1! ”

* slams door *

As previously stated, some details (X) are relevant, some are not. If you happen to be tracing over a photograph, for example, and the person’s teeth are unevenly spaced (and this is not a relevant/wanted feature of this person, i.e. it’s your girlfriend) fucking fix her teeth! Nobody wants to see that!

Part of the simplicity of this sort of vector art is the elegance and beauty of quote / unquote perfection. This means that line widths are even, faces are perfectly symmetrical, hair flows in front of the face in fantastic wisps unmatched by even L’oreal commercials. If the line is jagged, make it straight; if it’s supposed to be jagged, make it slightly less jagged. And then probably even less jagged than that.

[image loading]

Sometimes in order to fit your entire design into your basic shape, you may need to adjust ear size (smaller OR larger) hair length, eye brow shape… Sometimes you may need to modify your basic shape in order to compensate and start again from scratch. Again, it’s up to you to decide how far you want to take your artistic liberties, sometimes you can get away with it -

[image loading]

sometimes you can’t

[image loading]
(picture unrelated)

iii. Lines

[image loading]

Lines are arguably the most important and difficult aspect of minimal/ vector art simply because lines don’t actually exist. One of the first things you learned in your Charcoal Drawing Class (because I know you all took one, as required) is that there are no lines, only edges. There is no line differentiating your chin from your neck, or your lips from your face-

“There is a line between your lips when your mouth is closed!”

Shut the fuck up Jessica, you are dismissed from the class. You may go back to drawing anime eyes on your wide ruled notebook paper. In the office.

Anyway

iii. Lines

[image loading]

Lines are, luckily, a very familiar concept to most people. You draw a line around the head, maybe a line outlining the hair. Lines around clothing separating them from the skin. There are always those lines that just make sense to draw, and you probably draw them naturally.

[image loading]
One of your drawings

There a lot of subtleties that go into lines, where to put them, how thick to make them, etc. But most of that really comes down to your own discretion. How much realism do you want? How much detail do you want? How little detail do you want?

Your line control will just come with time and experience. You will realize that these lines should be thicker, these should be tapered at the ends, these shouldn’t exist at all. You’re just gonna have to feel it out.

[image loading]

Half of the work is figuring out how to imply depth in your image with just one or two lines, and no shading at all. Your familiarity with basic perspective from your Perspective 101 class will help you out during this stage. This brings us to

iv. Not-As-Basic Shapes

[image loading]

You will find that much of your drawing is made up of these things called “shapes”. “Shapes” often manifest themselves as shadows that explain a very important detail like a cheekbone or jawline. Shapes can sometimes resemble lines, but do not be fooled !; many shapes will try to sneak past your shape-o-scope disguised as lines such as: the the shadow under your nose, and the shape that appears in between your lips when your mouth is closed, Jessica. How did you even get back in here?


.+~* Negative space is also a shape *~+. <— Do not ever forget this. Make sure to take the time to see if your shapes look cool without the lines, and the lines look cool without the shapes. The key to having a really clean image is perfecting every single one of these shapes. Do not skimp out on any of them, not even the ones in your ears. Each one should be able to stand on it’s own.

[image loading]

>
B. Color


[image loading]

Color is the hardest thing I’ve ever learned / am still learning. It can make or break your design in the end. I have no tips on color. Good luck. Ask your girlfriend. I’m sorry. I can’t help you.

[image loading]

>
C. omposition


[image loading]

Remember when you were taking your Intro to Design course and your professor drew a bunch of random lines over some famous painting and exclaimed “Composition!” and you were just like wtf is this? this is all bullshit (lit majors I know you can relate.)

Well. It’s real. Composition is a real thing that every known artist uses, however, its abstractness can be off-putting. What looks good in a composition is almost purely subjective, and though many people will tell you there are still rules, there is no “right” or “wrong” art composition.

[image loading]

The thing is, no artist puts his brush to the canvas and paints from top left to bottom right. Even when you are designing a logo you have to take composition into account. How does your logo look at the top of your website? How does it look 20 pixels wide on the corner of your poster? Alone on the back of a cell phone? Every surface is the canvas. A good logo is like having a melody that fits in any song #artsyMetaphors, and since your vector art is essentially a glorified logo, it should accomplish a similar goal.

[image loading]

+
Step 3: Start Your Drawing Over Again


[image loading]
still the drawing stage

Even though you always do everything perfect the first time every time, well, I mean the rest of this section should be pretty self-explanatory.

I always draw everything twice at the very, very, very, very least. It takes less time than you think, and it’s always worth it. Often I will start a drawing very small in a notebook and scan and enlarge it so I don’t compromise large basic shapes. This is called a thumbnail, but you should already know that from pretty much every single one of your art classes.

do this. always.

+
Step 4: Vectorize your drawing.


[image loading]

Alright cool, so now that you are done with your drawing it’s time to vectorize it. And yes, I mean literally vectorize each element meticulously by hand. There is no filter or algorithm that will replace your hands.

[image loading]
or this rather

This part is really up to you. I’m not going to teach you how to use illustrator. There are a hundred thousand illustrator tutorials out there teaching dozens of different methods. Pick one and go with it for a while, until you figure out something better for you. The method I use is specific to how I like to work, I don’t do anything “special”, I don’t have any expensive plug-ins. Nothing. I use illustrator out of the box, primarily the pen tool, with a few basic tricks that I’ve learned over the years from random tutorials / classes that do absolutely nothing but increase efficiency.

+
Step 5: In Conclusion


[image loading]

I hope you didn’t come here looking for the Pro Vector Art Serum 3000™. This is just a formula that I use where most of the elements I (and many others like me) have developed over time with practice.

If I’ve done my job right, you should now have a slightly more enlightened perception of Picasso’s famously over-repeated and un-understood quote: “Good Artists Copy, Great Artists Steal.” There are a lot of methods to “faking” decent vector art, but the truth is it’s just regular art. It’s a style, and the fact that it’s vectorized just happens to compliment this style in particular. So If you want to continue using your posterize filter and stock vectors, no one is going to stop you. But sooner or later people are going to notice that you buy all your card tricks from a magic shop.

[image loading]
half-life 3 confirmed


• • •

all of the art in this tutorial was either from my porn art folder or found on google. The only art belonging to me are the screenshots from the Dota Hero Wallpaper series specifically, the “art” comic, and the DOAK shirt design. If you’re one of the artists of any of these pieces and you want to be credited for some reason or another, just let me know and I will credit you, however most pieces were used purely as examples.

Link to tumblr version if you're into that.


****
Graphics@alteredclone
Just_a_Moth
Profile Joined March 2012
Canada1948 Posts
January 29 2013 03:48 GMT
#2
This is cool. I didn't even know vector art was a thing before this.
I'm currently teaching myself to draw by help of a book. I suck though.
Waxangel
Profile Blog Joined September 2002
United States33309 Posts
January 29 2013 03:55 GMT
#3
brilliant! :O
AdministratorHey HP can you redo everything youve ever done because i have a small complaint?
Coagulation
Profile Blog Joined July 2006
United States9633 Posts
January 29 2013 04:25 GMT
#4
Im not a big fan of vector art. While it does have a clean crisp commercial feel to it when done right.. I think its kinda limited what you can do with it.
DannyJ
Profile Joined March 2010
United States5110 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-01-29 07:00:56
January 29 2013 04:27 GMT
#5
I've always loved vector art. It's pretty limited in some ways, and most of it is all generic stuff (most art is), but in terms of creating it I always had so much fun. I used to play around with Illustrator all day for years and years. There was something so amusing about making art that was all movable with interdependent shapes. I always found it very satisfying to trace out a drawing or picture and figure out how to make it work well with vectors. The ability to transform things let you be so creative, usually by accident. I haven't touch Illustrator in many years now since I've gotten more in motion graphics (aside from basic stuff like text) but I really should get back into it.

Edit: rats I tried to find some of the tons of vector art I made but I think it's all on my other computer. All i found was some strange cropped ugly picture of part of one that I barely remember doing. I just remember making that face a long time ago, lol. I guess I was messing around with the gradient tool, not really the best example of what vectors excel at (line, shape, graphic punch).

+ Show Spoiler +
[image loading]
shiroiusagi
Profile Blog Joined September 2011
SoCal, USA3955 Posts
January 29 2013 04:53 GMT
#6
alteredclone <3
Graphics@shiroiusagi_ | shiroiusagi.net
GhandiEAGLE
Profile Blog Joined March 2011
United States20754 Posts
January 29 2013 05:21 GMT
#7
This is so cool! I'm still in step one though T_T
Oh, my achin' hands, from rakin' in grands, and breakin' in mic stands
Aerisky
Profile Blog Joined May 2012
United States12129 Posts
January 29 2013 05:50 GMT
#8
Oh my jesus....this guide is splendiferous :O

<3
Jim while Johnny had had had had had had had; had had had had the better effect on the teacher.
HawaiianPig
Profile Blog Joined July 2008
Canada5155 Posts
January 29 2013 06:27 GMT
#9
lines r kewl
AdministratorNot actually Hawaiian.
fishuu
Profile Blog Joined October 2011
United States369 Posts
January 29 2013 06:36 GMT
#10
Always love seeing your stuff! The comment about minimalist tumblr designer still makes me laugh.
Jumbled
Profile Joined September 2010
1543 Posts
January 29 2013 07:08 GMT
#11
This could just about be in the TL Knowhow section rather than blogs. Thanks for the great post!
Aerisky
Profile Blog Joined May 2012
United States12129 Posts
January 29 2013 07:16 GMT
#12
Wow I just went through the whole thing again, and I love all the little touches you added to the blog entry hehe! (just like one would to an artistic piece!)

four chord songs for the win
Jim while Johnny had had had had had had had; had had had had the better effect on the teacher.
ROOTheognis
Profile Blog Joined January 2006
United States4482 Posts
January 29 2013 07:45 GMT
#13
Great stuff! Very insightful :D
If you avoid your weakness, it will remain your weakness. www.twitter.com/#!/rootheognis Follow me!
UltimateHurl
Profile Blog Joined September 2010
Ireland591 Posts
January 29 2013 10:16 GMT
#14
Love your work, I'm entirely self-taught and haven't ever done vector stuff, interesting to see how it's done!
Audio
Profile Joined March 2010
United States60 Posts
Last Edited: 2013-01-29 10:51:00
January 29 2013 10:50 GMT
#15
Was a nice read, but i was actually expecting you too go into a more detailed overview of how you created these dota vectors. instead you just covered some extremely broad and vague topics that you used to create these vectors. Yea i get that lines are shapes, and compositions are real and abstract, and things need to look pretty, color is hard, and I have to know how to draw.

I liked the part where you said sometimes you need to change shapes to fit your overall shape, and you had the picture of treants ear, and you showed the before and after. That part really helped me figure out your style. This guide needs more of that.

7/10 enjoyable, motivating, didn't learn much.

alteredclone
Profile Blog Joined October 2011
United States110 Posts
January 29 2013 13:35 GMT
#16
@audio

this tutorial wasn't made for you i guess :\
Graphics@alteredclone
AmericanUmlaut
Profile Blog Joined November 2010
Germany2577 Posts
January 29 2013 16:12 GMT
#17
0/5 I still cannot draw.
The frumious Bandersnatch
divito
Profile Blog Joined January 2011
Canada1213 Posts
January 29 2013 16:21 GMT
#18
On January 29 2013 13:25 Coagulation wrote:
Im not a big fan of vector art. While it does have a clean crisp commercial feel to it when done right.. I think its kinda limited what you can do with it.

It has its place, but exactly this.
Skype: divito7
Recognizable
Profile Blog Joined December 2011
Netherlands1552 Posts
January 29 2013 17:19 GMT
#19
I came here for some smexy Vector fields. Left with something awesome.
tehemperorer
Profile Blog Joined June 2010
United States2183 Posts
January 29 2013 19:45 GMT
#20
So good, I believe I have the talent to do this as I pursued it lightly in high school and college, but I just don't have the time. I really enjoy, therefore, seeing someone as good as you taking it to what limits you have. Really good stuff, I think if I had a portfolio, we would literally have basically the same drawings in it! You know, knights n shit
Knowing is half the battle... the other half is lasers.
1 2 Next All
Please log in or register to reply.
Live Events Refresh
Next event in 1h 9m
[ Submit Event ]
Live Streams
Refresh
StarCraft 2
mcanning 138
Livibee 128
ProTech68
StarCraft: Brood War
Mong 1446
BeSt 1293
Sea 893
actioN 290
EffOrt 242
Leta 103
Sharp 42
sSak 30
hero 23
Nal_rA 19
[ Show more ]
HiyA 7
NaDa 5
ivOry 5
zelot 4
Dota 2
BananaSlamJamma335
XcaliburYe335
Fuzer 216
League of Legends
JimRising 621
Counter-Strike
Stewie2K1054
shoxiejesuss745
Heroes of the Storm
Khaldor163
Other Games
C9.Mang0954
XBOCT436
crisheroes330
Mew2King160
Happy156
Organizations
Dota 2
PGL Dota 2 - Secondary Stream7535
Other Games
gamesdonequick617
StarCraft 2
Blizzard YouTube
StarCraft: Brood War
BSLTrovo
sctven
[ Show 15 non-featured ]
StarCraft 2
• LUISG 31
• AfreecaTV YouTube
• intothetv
• Kozan
• IndyKCrew
• LaughNgamezSOOP
• Migwel
• sooper7s
StarCraft: Brood War
• Airneanach4
• BSLYoutube
• STPLYoutube
• ZZZeroYoutube
League of Legends
• Stunt437
• HappyZerGling99
Other Games
• WagamamaTV31
Upcoming Events
GSL Code S
1h 9m
herO vs Zoun
Classic vs Bunny
The PondCast
1h 39m
OSC
12h 39m
Replay Cast
15h 39m
OSC
15h 39m
WardiTV Invitational
1d 2h
OSC
1d 4h
Korean StarCraft League
1d 18h
SOOP
2 days
sOs vs Percival
CranKy Ducklings
2 days
[ Show More ]
WardiTV Invitational
2 days
Cheesadelphia
2 days
CSO Cup
2 days
GSL Code S
2 days
Sparkling Tuna Cup
3 days
Replay Cast
3 days
Wardi Open
4 days
Replay Cast
4 days
Replay Cast
5 days
RSL Revival
5 days
Cure vs Percival
ByuN vs Spirit
RSL Revival
6 days
herO vs sOs
Zoun vs Clem
Replay Cast
6 days
Liquipedia Results

Completed

CSL Season 17: Qualifier 2
BGE Stara Zagora 2025
Heroes 10 EU

Ongoing

JPL Season 2
BSL 2v2 Season 3
BSL Season 20
KCM Race Survival 2025 Season 2
NPSL S3
Rose Open S1
CSL 17: 2025 SUMMER
2025 GSL S2
BLAST.tv Austin Major 2025
ESL Impact League Season 7
IEM Dallas 2025
PGL Astana 2025
Asian Champions League '25
BLAST Rivals Spring 2025
MESA Nomadic Masters
CCT Season 2 Global Finals
IEM Melbourne 2025
YaLLa Compass Qatar 2025
PGL Bucharest 2025
BLAST Open Spring 2025

Upcoming

Copa Latinoamericana 4
CSLPRO Last Chance 2025
CSLPRO Chat StarLAN 3
K-Championship
SEL Season 2 Championship
Esports World Cup 2025
HSC XXVII
Championship of Russia 2025
Murky Cup #2
Esports World Cup 2025
BLAST Bounty Fall 2025
BLAST Bounty Fall Qual
IEM Cologne 2025
FISSURE Playground #1
TLPD

1. ByuN
2. TY
3. Dark
4. Solar
5. Stats
6. Nerchio
7. sOs
8. soO
9. INnoVation
10. Elazer
1. Rain
2. Flash
3. EffOrt
4. Last
5. Bisu
6. Soulkey
7. Mini
8. Sharp
Sidebar Settings...

Advertising | Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Contact Us

Original banner artwork: Jim Warren
The contents of this webpage are copyright © 2025 TLnet. All Rights Reserved.